Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratio for All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality (n=5761)
| Models | Total Mortality (n = 2027) | Cardiovascular Mortality (n = 469) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P value* | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P value* | |
| Unadjusted | ||||
| Breakfast Eater | 1.02 (0.9-1.2) | .81 | 0.77 (0.57-1.05) | .09 |
| Non-eater | – | – | ||
| Multivariate adjusted | ||||
| Breakfast | ||||
| Eater | 0.69 (0.57-0.84) | .0005§ | 0.45 (0.32-0.63) | <.0001§ |
| Non-eater | – | – | ||
| Age | 1.09 (1.08-1.09) | <.0001§ | 1.10 (1.09-1.11) | <.0001§ |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | – | – | ||
| Female | 0.68 (0.59-0.78) | <.0001§ | 0.52 (0.41-0.67) | <.0001§ |
| Race | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | – | – | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.11 (0.88-1.39) | .36 | 1.28 (0.83-1.97) | .26 |
| Hispanic | 0.85 (0.67-1.08) | .18 | 0.92 (0.56-1.51) | .72 |
| Other | 0.73 (0.40-1.33) | .30 | 0.28 (0.07-1.11) | .07 |
| Body mass index | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | .45 | 0.99 (0.97-1.03) | .78 |
| Education | ||||
| ≥High school | – | – | ||
| < High school | 1.27 (1.11-1.44) | .0008§ | 1.08 (0.76-1.54) | .64 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 1.44 (1.22-1.69) | <.0001§ | 1.94 (1.39-2.69) | .0003§ |
| No | – | – | ||
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 1.28 (1.12-1.45) | .0005§ | 2.11 (1.27-3.50) | .005‡ |
| No | – | – | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||
| Yes | 1.63 (1.35-1.96) | <.0001§ | ||
| No | – | |||
| Daily calorie intake | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | .50 | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | .92 |
| Daily fiber intake | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | .01† | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | .78 |