Table 3.

Health Care Use Outcomes Based on the Presence of Mental Health Disorders

	Total 2-Year Knee-Related Medical Costs Mean USD (95% CI)	Total Knee-Related Care Visits Mean (95% CI)	Two or More Episodes of Knee Pain (Recurrence) Odds Ratio (95% CI)	At Least One Opioid Prescription Fill Odds Ratio (95% CI)
No MH disorder diagnoses before	1073 (1057, 1089)	4.87 (4.82, 4.93)
No MH diagnoses after	1031 (1014, 1048)	4.67 (4.62, 4.73)
No MH diagnoses before or after	1037 (1019, 1054)	4.70 (4.64, 4.76)
MH diagnosis present before diagnosis of patellofemoral pain
Depression	1076 (1007, 1149)	5.05 (4.78, 5.33)	0.98 (0.91, 1.06)	1.27 (1.11, 1.44)^*
PTSD	1175 (1073, 1286)	5.27 (4.85, 5.71)	1.30 (1.16, 1.46)^*	1.26 (1.02, 1.54)^*
Anxiety	1065 (997, 1138)	5.14 (4.84, 5.45)	1.08 (0.995, 1.17)^*	1.35 (1.17, 1.56)^*
Any MH disorder	1087 (1046, 1129)	5.06 (4.90, 5.22)^*	1.11 (1.07, 1.17)^*	1.27 (1.16, 1.38)^*
Substance use disorder	1158 (1081, 1241)^*	5.18 (4.89, 5.49)^*	1.10 (1.02, 1.19)^*	1.19 (1.03, 1.37)^*
MH diagnosis present after diagnosis of patellofemoral pain
Depression	1244 (1187, 1303)^*	5.73 (5.53, 5.93)^*	1.40 (1.33, 1.48)^*	1.43 (1.31, 1.56)^*
PTSD	1487 (1400, 1579)^*	6.60 (6.28, 6.95)^*	1.89 (1.76, 2.02)^*	1.56 (1.38, 1.75)^*
Anxiety	1263 (1204, 1324)^*	5.92 (5.70, 6.14)^*	1.33 (1.28, 1.41)^*	1.46 (1.34, 1.60)^*
Any MH disorder	1231 (1197, 1266)^*	5.67 (5.55, 5.80)^*	1.41 (1.36, 1.45)^*	1.42 (1.33, 1.51)^*
Substance use disorder	1120 (1027, 1221)	5.28 (4.91, 5.67)	1.27 (1.16, 1.39)^*	1.21 (1.02, 1.44)^*
New MH diagnosis present after diagnosis of patellofemoral pain
Depression	1275 (1206, 1348)^*	5.86 (5.63, 6.10)^*	1.43 (1.35, 1.52)^*	1.45 (1.30, 1.60)^*
PTSD	1552 (1443, 1669)^*	6.87 (6.47, 7.29)^*	2.03 (1.87, 2.20)^*	1.61 (1.40, 1.84)^*
Anxiety	1301 (1230, 1376)^*	6.03 (5.78, 6.29)^*	1.39 (1.31, 1.48)^*	1.49 (1.35, 1.65)^*
Any MH disorder	1264 (1220, 1310)^*	5.80 (5.64, 5.97)^*	1.42 (1.37, 1.48)^*	1.37 (1.27, 1.47)^*
Substance use disorder	1099 (994, 1215)	5.23 (4.81, 5.68)^*	1.38 (1.24, 1.54)^*	1.26 (1.03, 1.54)^*

MH, mental health; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; USD, US dollars; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
↵* Value is significant at P < .05. Compared to NO mental health disorder either before or after initial patellofemoral pain diagnosis, the odds of having more than 1 knee pain episode were OR = 1.24 (95% CI 1.20, 1.28) and for filling at least 1 opioid prescription were OR = 1.37 (95% CI 1.29, 1.45).