Table 4.

Demographic Predictors of Low Back Pain Intensity and Back-Related Disability During the COVID-19 Pandemic (n = 513)^*

	Low Back Pain Intensity (Numerical Rating Scale Score)				Back-Related Disability (Roland-Morris Disability Score)
	Model 1 (unadjusted)
Characteristic	β	SE	t	P Value	β	SE	t	P Value
Age (increasing decades)	0.148	0.416	1.98	.049	0.201	0.231	0.87	.39
Sex (women)	−0.322	0.222	−1.45	.15	0.986	0.686	1.44	.15
Race (African American)	1.619	0.220	7.37	<.001	4.135	0.690	5.99	<.001
Ethnicity (Hispanic)	0.043	0.304	0.14	.89	−1.065	0.938	−1.14	.26
	Model 2 (partially adjusted)
Characteristic	β	SE	t	P Value	β	SE	t	P Value
Age (increasing decades)	0.161	0.072	2.24	.03	0.209	0.226	0.92	.36
Sex (women)	−0.127	0.212	−0.60	.55	1.440	0.668	2.16	.03
Race (African American)	1.636	0.222	7.38	<.001	4.278	0.697	6.14	<.001
Ethnicity (Hispanic)	0.350	0.293	1.20	.23	−0.246	0.923	−0.27	.79
	Model 3 (fully adjusted)
Characteristic	β	SE	t	P Value	β	SE	t	P Value
Age (increasing decades)	0.124	0.072	1.73	.08	0.007	0.217	0.03	.98
Sex (women)	−0.130	0.205	−0.63	.53	1.427	0.621	2.30	.02
Race (African American)	1.543	0.217	7.12	<.001	3.665	0.656	5.59	<.001
Ethnicity (Hispanic)	0.312	0.285	1.09	.27	−0.415	0.861	−0.48	.63

↵* Table entries are for the demographic characteristics in the parentheses. Positive β coefficients represent greater low back pain intensity or back-related disability. Predictors were analyzed using linear regression. Model 1 involved simple linear regression. Model 2 controlled for each of the other demographic characteristics in the table. Model 3 controlled for each of the other demographic characteristics and current utilization of exercise therapy, yoga, massage therapy, spinal manipulation, acupuncture, cognitive behavioral therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids. Fifteen participants in other racial categories were excluded from the analyses to avoid unstable estimates for these categories because of small cell counts.
SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval.