Patient Characteristics, Overall and by Visit Type
| Characteristic | All Patients, n = 202 | Telehealth, n = 89 | Telephone, n = 55 | In Person, n = 52 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 120 (59.4) | 57 (64) | 39 (70.9) | 22 (42.3) | 0.006 |
| Age, mean (SD; range) | 36.8 (19.5; 1 to 89) | 40.3 (14.7; 4 to 73) | 40.7 (22; 1 to 89) | 26.4 (20; 1 to 72) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%)* | 0.3 | ||||
| Asian | 19 (9.4) | 10 (11.2) | 5 (9.1) | 4 (7.7) | |
| Black | 15 (7.4) | 6 (6.7) | 5 (9.1) | 4 (7.7) | |
| Hispanic | 28 (13.9) | 15 (16.9) | 11 (20) | 2 (3.8) | |
| Other | 23 (11.4) | 8 (9) | 4 (7.3) | 9 (17.3) | |
| White | 93 (46) | 37 (41.6) | 23 (41.8) | 29 (55.8) | |
| Unknown | 24 (11.9) | 13 (14.6) | 7 (12.7) | 4 (7.7) | |
| Married, n (%) | 60 (29.7) | 32 (36) | 18 (32.7) | 8 (15.4) | 0.03 |
| Insurance, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| PPO | 74 (36.6) | 35 (39.3) | 19 (34.5) | 18 (34.6) | |
| HMO | 66 (32.7) | 38 (42.7) | 16 (29.1) | 10 (19.2) | |
| Medicaid | 42 (20.8) | 10 (11.2) | 10 (18.2) | 20 (38.5) | |
| Medicare | 12 (5.9) | 2 (2.3) | 7 (12.7) | 3 (5.8) | |
| Other | 8 (4.0) | 4 (4.5) | 3 (5.5) | 1 (1.9) | |
| Preferred language-English, n (%) | 192 (95.1) | 86 (96.6) | 51 (92.7) | 49 (94.3) | 0.57 |
| Comorbidity score, mean (S.D.)* | 0.22 (0.6) | 0.19 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.89) | 0.08 (0.33) | 0.02 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 23 (11.4) | 14 (15.7) | 5 (9.1) | 4 (7.7) | 0.28 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 25 (12.4) | 10 (11.2) | 11 (20) | 2 (3.9) | 0.03 |
| Anxiety disorder, n (%) | 57 (28.2) | 29 (32.6) | 16 (29.1) | 10 (19.2) | 0.23 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)† | 26.6 (5.9) | 26.4 (5.5) | 27.4 (6.3) | 25.5 (6.8) | 0.40 |
| Current or previous smoking, n (%) | 20 (9.9) | 10 (11.2) | 10 (18.2) | 0 | 0.10 |
| # total interactions with office, mean (SD; range) | 5.34 (3.5; 2 to 20) | 6.07 (3.7; 2 to 20) | 5.16 (3.6; 2 to 18) | 4.52 (3.0; 2 to 17) | 0.03 |
| Telephone calls | 4.39 (2.6; 1 to 12) | 4.39 (2.5; 1 to 12) | 5.29 (2.6; 2 to 12) | 3.56 (2.46; 1 to 12) | 0.002 |
| E-mail messages | 1.70 (1.2; 1 to 8) | 1.97 (1.3; 1 to 6) | 1.58 (1.29; 1 to 8) | 1.40 (0.96; 1 to 7) | 0.02 |
| Telemedicine | 1.64 (0.80; 1 to 6) | 2.30 (0.70; 1 to 6) | 1.16 (0.46; 1 to 3) | 1.10 (0.30; 1 to 2) | <0.001 |
| In person | 1.36 (0.64; 1 to 4) | 1.06 (0.23; 1 to 2) | 1.04 (0.19; 1 to 2) | 2.25 (0.62; 1 to 4) | <0.001 |
| Outpatient testing, n (%) | |||||
| COVID-19 | 40 (19.8) | 22 (24.7) | 13 (23.6) | 5 (9.6) | 0.16 |
| Influenza | 17 (8.4) | 6 (6.7) | 1 (1.8) | 10 (19.2) | 0.004 |
| Streptococcus | 2 (1.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.9) | 0.61 |
| Chest radiograph | 15 (7.4) | 5 (5.6) | 4 (7.3) | 6 (11.5) | 0.44 |
| Antibiotics prescribed, n (%) | 35 (17.3) | 11 (12.4) | 6 (10.9) | 18 (34.6) | 0.001 |
| Bronchodilator prescribed, n (%) | 32 (15.8) | 15 (16.9) | 7 (12.7) | 10 (19.2) | 0.65 |
| Patient-reported symptoms, n (%) | |||||
| Fever | 79 (39.1) | 33 (37.1) | 20 (36.4) | 25 (48.1) | 0.36 |
| Cough | 158 (78.2) | 75 (84.3) | 38 (69.1) | 41 (78.9) | 0.10 |
| Shortness of breath | 77 (38.1) | 43 (48.3) | 20 (36.4) | 11 (21.2) | 0.01 |
↵* Charlson comorbidity index6; scores range from 0 to 13 with higher numbers indicating greater comorbidity.
† Among adults only; n = 162.
PPO, Preferred Provider Organization; HMO, Health Maintenance Organization; SD, standard deviation.