Utilization of Noninvasive Treatments for Chronic Low Back Pain Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic (n = 528)*
| Pre-COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pandemic | Pandemic | |||||||
| Treatment | (%) | (%) | OR | (95% CI) | P Value | |||
| Nonpharmacological | ||||||||
| Exercise therapy | 18.0 | 9.8 | 0.42 | (0.27, 0.65) | <.001 | |||
| Yoga | 9.7 | 10.2 | 1.13 | (0.63, 2.04) | .78 | |||
| Massage therapy | 16.3 | 10.6 | 0.42 | (0.25, 0.71) | <.001 | |||
| Spinal manipulation | 18.0 | 12.3 | 0.30 | (0.15, 0.57) | <.001 | |||
| Acupuncture | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.78 | (0.25, 2.35) | .80 | |||
| Cognitive behavioral therapy | 5.7 | 3.6 | 0.52 | (0.24, 1.09) | .09 | |||
| Pharmacological | ||||||||
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 61.2 | 58.0 | 0.70 | (0.46, 1.07) | .10 | |||
| Opioids | 29.9 | 30.1 | 1.03 | (0.60, 1.79) | .99 | |||
↵* The utilization of each treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic relative to the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period was measured by the odds ratio (OR), based on McNemar’s test.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.