Table 3.

Demographic Predictors of the Utilization of Noninvasive Treatments for Chronic Low Back Pain During the COVID-19 Pandemic (n = 513)*

	Exercise Therapy			Yoga			Massage Therapy			Spinal Manipulation
	OR	95% CI	P Value	OR	95% CI	P Value	OR	95% CI	P Value	OR	95% CI	P Value
Age
Increasing decades	0.85	(0.68, 1.06)	.15	0.68	(0.55, 0.85)	.001	0.76	(0.61, 0.94)	.01	0.72	(0.59, 0.88)	.001
Sex
Men	1			1			1			1
Women	0.63	(0.34, 1.18)	.15	0.91	(0.46, 1.80)	.80	0.93	(0.48, 1.78)	.82	1.05	(0.56, 1.98)	.87
Race
White	1			1			1			1
African American	0.87	(0.43, 1.78)	.71	0.40	(0.16, 0.97)	.04	0.60	(0.22, 1.59)	.34	0.37	(0.16, 0.85)	.02
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic	1			1			1			1
Hispanic	0.88	(0.35, 2.22)	.79	0.71	(0.28, 1.79)	.47	0.60	(0.22, 1.59)	.30	0.95	(0.43, 2.08)	.89

	Acupuncture			CBT			NSAIDs			Opioids
	OR	95% CI	P Value	OR	95% CI	P Value	OR	95% CI	P Value	OR	95% CI	P Value
Age
Increasing decades	0.46	(0.28, 0.77)	.003	0.58	(0.41, 0.83)	.003	0.98	(0.85, 1.12)	0.77	1.23	(1.05, 1.44)	.009
Sex
Men	1			1			1			1
Women	0.63	(0.15, 2.60)	.53	0.95	(0.33, 2.75)	.92	1.08	(0.72, 1.62)	0.71	1.01	(0.65, 1.56)	.98
Race*
White	1			1			1			1
African American	0.37	(0.05, 3.02)	.35	1.38	(0.47, 4.04)	.56	0.80	(0.53, 1.22)	0.30	1.53	(0.99, 2.39)	.06
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic	1			1			1			1
Hispanic	0.46	(0.05, 3.96)	.48	1.66	(0.50, 5.45)	0.41	1.74	(0.96, 3.15)	0.07	0.91	(0.48, 1.72)	.77

*CBT denotes cognitive behavioral therapy; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio. Fifteen participants in other racial categories were excluded from the analyses to avoid unstable estimates for these categories because of small cell counts.