Participant Characteristics During the pre-COVID-19 Pandemic Period (n = 528)*
| Characteristic | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||
| Age, y (mean ± SD) | 53.9 ± 13.0 | |
| Sex (women) | 74.1 | |
| Race (non-White) | 25.0 | |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic) | 11.7 | |
| Education (college degree or higher) | 38.4 | |
| Ever had work loss ≥ 1 month due to LBP | 42.6 | |
| Ever received disability or workers' compensation benefits due to LBP | 23.1 | |
| Ever involved in a legal claim for LBP | 11.6 | |
| Comorbidity history | ||
| Herniated disc | 34.7 | |
| Sciatica | 40.9 | |
| Osteoarthritis | 39.0 | |
| Hypertension | 40.5 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19.3 | |
| Asthma | 27.5 | |
| Depression | 49.8 | |
| Clinical | ||
| Current smoker | 14.2 | |
| Current widespread pain | 24.2 | |
| Ever had LBP surgery | 18.8 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 32.5 ± 8.2 | |
| Pain catastrophizing (PCS) (mean ± SD)† | 19.0 ± 13.8 | |
| Pain self-efficacy (PSEQ) (mean ± SD)† | 34.5 ± 15.0 | |
| LBP intensity, NRS (mean ± SD) | 5.8 ± 2.2 | |
| Back-related disability, RMDQ (mean ± SD) | 13.7 ± 6.7 | |
| Quality of life (PROMIS-29)†‡ | ||
| Physical function (mean ± SD) | 38.2 ± 6.8 | |
| Anxiety (mean ± SD) | 54.1 ± 10.5 | |
| Depression (mean ± SD) | 52.3 ± 9.6 | |
| Low energy/fatigue (mean ± SD) | 57.9 ± 10.4 | |
| Sleep disturbance (mean ± SD) | 56.5 ± 8.5 | |
| Participation in social roles and activities (mean ± SD) | 44.0 ± 8.8 | |
| Pain interference with activities (mean ± SD) | 62.8 ± 7.4 |
↵* Table entries are percentages unless otherwise indicated. LBP denotes low back pain; NRS, numerical rating scale; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PROMIS-29, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System with 29 items; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; RMDQ, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.
†Data were collected at the time of registry enrollment.
‡Scale scores are normed to the United States general population, with mean ± SD = 50 ± 10. Higher scores represent worse quality of life on all scales except physical function and participation in social roles and activities.
SD, standard deviation.