Table 2.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratio for All Causes of Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality (n = 16,686)

Models	All-Cause Mortality (n = 3366)		CVD Mortality (n = 674)
Models	HR (95% CI)	P-Value*	HR (95% CI)	P-Value*
Unadjusted
Glucosamine/chondroitin
User	0.88 (0.70 to 1.11)	.27	0.51 (0.28 to 0.92)	.03^†
Non-user	—		—
Age adjusted
Glucosamine/chondroitin
User	0.61 (0.49 to 0.77)	<.0001^§	0.35 (0.20 to 0.61)	.0004^§
Non-user	—		—
Age, years
40 to 49	—		—
50 to 59	1.96 (1.55 to 2.48)	<.0001^§	1.80 (1.02 to 3.15)	.04^†
60 to 69	4.38 (3.73 to 5.15)	<.0001^§	4.98 (2.98 to 8.32)	<.0001^§
70+	15.29 (13.18 to 17.74)	<.0001^§	17.55 (11.54 to 26.69)	<.0001^§
Multivariable adjusted
Glucosamine/chondroitin
User	0.73 (0.57 to 0.93)	.01^†	0.42 (0.23 to 0.75)	.004^‡
Non-user	—		—
Age, years
40 to 49	—		—
50 to 59	2.01 (1.60 to 2.53)	<.0001^§	1.90 (1.12 to 3.24)	.02^†
60 to 69	4.71 (4.03 to 5.50)	<.0001^§	5.49 (3.37 to 8.96)	<.0001^§
70+	17.53 (15.18 to 20.25)	<.0001^§	20.57 (13.97 to 30.29)	<.0001^§
Sex
Male	—		—
Female	0.69 (0.63 to 0.75)	<.0001^§	0.51 (0.42 to 0.60)	<.0001^§
Race
Non-Hispanic White	—		—
Non-Hispanic Black	1.15 (1.03 to 1.29)	.01^†	1.27 (1.0 to 1.60)	.04^†
Hispanic	0.87 (0.74 to 1.02)	.08	0.88 (0.60 to 1.28)	.49
Other	0.84 (0.62 to 1.12)	.23	0.94 (0.43 to 2.04)	.87
Education
≥High school	—		—
<High school	1.30 (1.17 to 1.45)	<.0001^§		.007^‡
Smoking status
Current smoker	1.98 (1.78 to 2.20)	<.0001^§	1.61 (1.23 to 2.10)	.0007^§
Non-smoker	—		—
Physical activity
≥150 minutes/week	0.64 (0.59 to 0.70)	<.0001^§	0.58 (0.46 to 0.73)	<.0001^§
<150 minutes/week	—		—

CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*P-value was estimated from Cox proportional hazards models. ^†P < .05, ^‡P < .01, ^§P < .001.