Sample Characteristics of Minnesota Adults with Diabetes Observed 2010 to 2017
| All Residential Locations | Urban Areas† | Large Rural Towns† | Small Rural Towns† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient-year observations, n (%) | 1,697,173 (100.0) | 1,158,921 (68.3) | 219,677 (12.9) | 318,575 (18.8) |
| Outcome variables | ||||
| HbA1c value, mean (SD) | 7.3 (1.5) | 7.3 (1.5) | 7.3 (1.5) | 7.3 (1.5) |
| HbA1c < 8%, n (%) | 1,291,705 (76.1) | 843,928 (77.4) | 167,064 (76.1) | 242,604 (76.2) |
| Patient-Level Characteristics | ||||
| Depression, n (%) | 384,699 (22.7) | 263,583 (22.7) | 5,1102 (23.3) | 7,0014 (22.0) |
| Patient age (years), n (%) | ||||
| 18 to 44 | 178,982 (10.6) | 129,278 (11.2) | 2,1731 (9.9) | 2,7973 (8.8) |
| 45 to 54 | 286,900 (16.9) | 206,796 (17.8) | 3,3661 (15.3) | 4,6443 (14.6) |
| 55 to 64 | 504,623 (29.7) | 347,508 (30.0) | 6,4905 (29.6) | 9,2210 (28.9) |
| 65 to 75 | 726,668 (42.8) | 475,339 (41.0) | 9,9380 (45.2) | 151,949 (47.7) |
| Female, n (%) | 783,237 (46.2) | 535,938 (46.2) | 101,793 (46.3) | 145,506 (45.7) |
| Ischemic vascular disease, n (%) | 291,998 (17.2) | 188,746 (16.3) | 4,1128 (18.7) | 6,2124 (19.5) |
| Type 1 diabetes, n (%) | 100,045 (5.9) | 6,8620 (5.9) | 1,3199 (6.0) | 1,8226 (5.7) |
| Insurance, n (%) | ||||
| Commercial | 708,927 (41.8) | 510,258 (44.0) | 8,2380 (37.5) | 116,289 (36.5) |
| Medicare | 623,037 (36.7) | 393,273 (33.9) | 9,1842 (41.8) | 137,922 (43.3) |
| Medicaid | 143,842 (8.5) | 108,279 (9.3) | 1,5744 (7.2) | 1,9819 (6.2) |
| Dual Medicare/Medicaid | 8,0520 (4.7) | 5,2833 (4.6) | 1,0471 (4.8) | 1,7216 (5.4) |
| No insurance | 5,4803 (3.2) | 3,9285 (3.4) | 5,382 (2.5) | 1,0136 (3.2) |
| Unknown | 8,6044 (5.1) | 5,4993 (4.8) | 1,3858 (6.3) | 1,7193 (5.4) |
| Practice-Level Characteristics | ||||
| Certified as a Patient-Centered Medical Home, n (%) | 462,728 (27.3) | 329,007 (28.4) | 5,4507 (24.8) | 7,9214 (24.9) |
| Ownership*, n (%) | ||||
| Single-site medical group | 5,6155 (3.3) | 3,6575 (3.2) | 4,328 (2.0) | 1,5252 (4.8) |
| Small medical group | 329,268 (19.4) | 167,391 (14.4) | 6,8705 (31.3) | 9,3172 (29.3) |
| Large medical group | 1,311,750 (77.3) | 954,955 (82.4) | 146,644 (66.8) | 210,151 (66.0) |
| Neighborhood-Level (Patient ZIP Code) American Community Survey Characteristics | ||||
| Percent of population White, non-Hispanic, mean (SD) | 82.3 (15.8) | 78.5 (16.7) | 89.3 (8.6) | 91.3 (10.1) |
| Educational distribution of adult population, mean (SD) | ||||
| Percent with no high school degree | 8.2 (4.7) | 7.5 (4.9) | 8.9 (4.2) | 10.1 (3.5) |
| Percent with high school degree or GED but no 4-year college degree | 60.9 (11.6) | 56.9 (11.3) | 66.6 (6.7) | 71.3 (5.2) |
| Percent with 4-year college degree | 31.0 (13.4) | 35.6 (13.1) | 24.5 (7.6) | 18.6 (5.7) |
| Percent of households under the federal poverty level, mean (SD) | 11.5 (7.4) | 11.0 (8.1) | 12.9 (5.9) | 12.0 (5.2) |