Study Setting, Participants, Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) Type, and Inclusion of Evidence-Based Components
| Characteristic | Local CDSS* N (%) | PDMP CDSS** N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Country | United States | 6/6 (100%) | 8/8 (100%) |
| Practice settings | Primary care clinic Emergency department | 5/6 (83%) 1/6 (17%) | 6/8 (75%) 2/8 (25%) |
| Types of PCPs | Physicians NPs | 6/6 (100%) 6/6 (100%) | 7/8 (88%) 4/8 (50%) |
| CDSS type | Dashboard Protocol Alert Clinical tool Data repository | 2/6 (33%) 2/6 (33%) 1/6 (17%) 1/6 (17%) 0/6 (0%) | 0/8 (0%) 0/8 (0%) 0/8 (0%) 0/8 (0%) 8/8 (100%) |
| Evidence-based CDSS components° | Integrated into EMR Automatically activates Requires a reason for over-ride Provides advice to patients and providers | 3/6 (50%) 2/6 (33%) 0/6 (0%) 0/6 (0%) | 0/5 (0%)*** 0/5 (0%)*** 0/5 (0%)*** 0/5 (0%)*** |
Abbreviations: CDSS, clinical decision support system; EMR, electronic medical record; N/A, Not applicable; NP, nurse practitioner; PDMP, prescription drug monitoring program; PCPs, primary care providers.
↵* Local CDSSs are used locally within a specific health center, health system or clinic.
↵** PDMP CDSSs are large, centralized, government-run databases.
↵*** We excluded 3 studies because they included multiple PDMP CDSSs, and did not provide information on a specific CDSS.45,47,49
Note: Unless a study stated a component was included (e.g. automatic activation), we assumed it was not.