Logistic Regression Models for Odds of Perceiving Discrimination in Health Care, by Reason for Discrimination (n = 63,100)
| Reason for Discrimination | Dissatisfaction with Health Care | Race or Skin Color | Age | Way Respondent Speaks English or Other Barrier to Communication | Insurance Status or type | Income or Education | Any Reason | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | AOR | 95%CI | |
| Type of insurance coverage | ||||||||||||||
| Employer-sponsored coverage | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Medicaid | 1.16 | (0.86, 1.56) | 1.41 | (1.04, 1.90) | 0.85 | (0.51, 1.41) | 0.77 | (0.48, 1.23) | 1.25 | (0.79, 1.98) | 1.52 | (0.78, 2.96) | 1.28 | (1.10, 1.50) |
| Private coverage, Covered California | 1.17 | (0.62, 2.21) | 0.99 | (0.53, 1.85) | 1.11 | (0.62, 2.00) | 1.12 | (0.54, 2.33) | 0.88 | (0.40, 1.92) | 1.48 | (0.41, 5.33) | 1.25 | (0.92, 1.70) |
| Private coverage, off-exchange | 0.65 | (0.43, 0.99) | 0.68 | (0.31, 1.48) | 1.25 | (0.69, 2.30) | 0.88 | (0.36, 2.19) | 0.82 | (0.12, 5.63) | 1.70 | (0.70, 4.13) | 0.92 | (0.72, 1.17) |
| Medicare and Medicaid | 0.95 | (0.62, 1.46) | 1.26 | (0.80, 2.00) | 0.87 | (0.50, 1.56) | 0.73 | (0.35, 1.53) | 0.85 | (0.43, 1.69) | 1.54 | (0.72, 3.26) | 1.14 | (0.82, 1.58) |
| Medicare alone or with other insurance | 0.98 | (0.73, 1.31) | 0.85 | (0.52, 1.38) | 0.98 | (0.61, 1.59) | 0.82 | (0.39, 1.71) | 0.76 | (0.43, 1.36) | 0.73 | (0.32, 1.67) | 1.06 | (0.83, 1.34) |
| Other public sponsored coverage | 1.36 | (0.72, 2.60) | 0.58 | (0.27, 1.26) | 1.11 | (0.34, 3.62) | 0.37 | (0.08, 1.69) | 0.76 | (0.23, 2.50) | 0.98 | (0.32, 3.03) | 1.07 | (0.73, 1.59) |
| Uninsured | 0.95 | (0.65, 1.39) | 1.21 | (0.80, 1.83) | 1.00 | (0.44, 2.23) | 0.71 | (0.40, 1.25) | 0.84 | (0.44, 1.61) | 1.07 | (0.52, 2.19) | 0.99 | (0.79, 1.24) |
| Site of usual source of care | ||||||||||||||
| Doctor's office or HMO | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| No usual source of health care | 0.76 | (0.49, 1.18) | 1.02 | (0.71, 1.48) | 1.09 | (0.61, 1.95) | 0.92 | (0.63, 1.34) | 1.35 | (0.79, 2.42) | 0.96 | (0.56, 1.65) | 0.96 | (0.82, 1.13) |
| Clinic or health center | 1.07 | (0.88, 1.29) | 1.00 | (0.80, 1.26) | 1.27 | (0.82, 1.96) | 1.19 | (0.83, 1.71) | 1.05 | (0.72, 1.52) | 1.06 | (0.69, 1.62) | 1.10 | (0.98, 1.24) |
| Emergency room | 1.30 | (0.63, 2.72) | 1.29 | (0.72, 2.31) | 0.85 | (0.22, 3.28) | 1.06 | (0.46, 2.48) | 1.67 | (0.64, 3.55) | 1.05 | (0.40, 2.76) | 1.54 | (1.12, 2.10) |
| Other or no one place | 2.16 | (1.03, 4.51) | 1.38 | (0.64, 2.99) | 1.68 | (0.58, 4.88) | 0.35 | (0.08, 1.61) | 0.48 | (0.24, 3.17) | 0.64 | (0.20, 2.02) | 1.20 | (0.80, 1.80) |
| Other comparisons | ||||||||||||||
| Covered California versus off-exchange | 1.81 | (0.95, 3.43) | 1.46 | (0.64, 3.31) | 0.88 | (0.43, 1.82) | 1.27 | (0.40, 3.99) | 1.07 | (0.12, 9.74) | 0.87 | (0.18, 4.18) | 1.36 | (0.90, 2.06) |
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; HMO, health maintenance organization, CI, confidence interval.
Significant associations denoted in bold, at P < .05.
All models control for race, citizenship status, gender, educational attainment, age, household income, health status, diagnosis of chronic conditions, visual or hearing problem or impairment, survey year, and urban or rural residence.