Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Surveyed Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Experiencing Psychological Insulin Resistance Before Regular Insulin Use, 2017
| Characteristic | Values by Location | |
|---|---|---|
| United States (n = 120) | Canada (n = 74) | |
| Type of recruitment, n (%) | ||
| Panel | 83 (69.2) | 60 (81.1) |
| Health care provider referral | 0 (0.0) | 13 (17.6) |
| Recruitment through Diabetes.co.uk | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.4) |
| TCOYD registry | 36 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 56.8 (10.9) | 55.8 (10.2) |
| Male, n (%) | 35 (29.2) | 47 (63.5) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| United States | ||
| Asian | 5 (4.2) | — |
| Black/African American | 6 (5.0) | — |
| Latino/Hispanic/Chicano | 10 (8.3) | — |
| Non-Hispanic white/Caucasian | 89 (74.2) | — |
| Multiple ethnic background | 5 (4.2) | — |
| Other | 5 (4.2) | — |
| Canada | ||
| Canadian | — | 59 (79.7) |
| English | — | 4 (5.4) |
| French | — | 3 (4.1) |
| Other | — | 8 (10.8) |
| Bachelor’s degree (e.g., BA or BS) or higher education, n (%) | 45 (37.5) | 28.0 (37.8) |
| Current employment status, n (%) | ||
| Working full-time or part-time | 52 (43.3) | 37 (50.0) |
| Not employed | 18 (15.0) | 10 (13.5) |
| Retired | 33 (27.5) | 20 (27.0) |
| Other | 17 (14.2) | 7 (9.5) |
| Years since first diabetes diagnosis to basal insulin initiation, mean (SD) | 9.8 (8.0) | 8.9 (7.3) |
| Year of first basal insulin use, n (%) | ||
| 2015 | 47 (39.2) | 26 (35.1) |
| 2016 | 51 (42.5) | 36 (48.6) |
| 2017 | 15 (12.5) | 11 (14.9) |
| Prior use of injectable diabetes medications, n (%) | 25 (20.8) | 15 (20.3) |
| HbA1c before starting insulin* | ||
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 9.5 (1.9) | 10.0 (2.8) |
| Unknown, n (%) | 40 (33.3) | 29 (39.2) |
| HbA1c at the time of survey* | ||
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.9 (1.5) | 7.5 (2.0) |
| Unknown, n (%) | 22 (18.3) | 17 (23.0) |
| BMI before starting insulin (kg/m2) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 35.5 (9.6) | 30.6 (8.2) |
| BMI at the time of the survey (kg/m2) | ||
| Mean (SD) | 34.6 (8.4) | 30.2 (7.9) |
BA, Bachelor of Arts; BS, Bachelor of Science; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SD, standard deviation; TCOYD, Taking Control of Your Diabetes.
↵* Mean HbA1c was calculated among the patients who had a test in the past year and knew the test result.