Demographic Characteristics
| Characteristic | Patients, No (%) | Health System (n = 1,210,228) | P-Value† (Control, Penn Med) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoga Cohort (n = 30,976) | Control Cohort (n = 92,919) | |||
| Age, y | ||||
| 19 to 44 | 14,069 (45.4) | 42,158 (45.4) | 478,886 (39.6) | |
| 45 to 64 | 11,843 (38.2) | 35,554 (38.3) | 425,661 (35.2) | |
| 65 to 84 | 4838 (15.6) | 14,535 (15.6) | 266,283 (22.0) | |
| 85+ | 226 (0.7) | 672 (0.7) | 39,398 (3.3) | |
| Median age (IQR), y | 47 (34 to 60) | 47 (34 to 60) | 51 (34 to 65) | P = .996, < .001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 25,688 (82.9) | 77,063 (82.9) | 721,180 (59.6) | |
| Male | 5288 (17.1) | 15,856 (17.1) | 489,048 (40.4) | P = .984, < .001 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 23,259 (75.1) | 69,777 (75.1) | 785,163 (64.9) | |
| Black or African American | 3625 (11.7) | 10,874 (11.7) | 243,639 (20.1) | |
| Other* | 2744 (8.9) | 8231 (8.9) | 135,081 (11.2) | |
| Asian | 1289 (4.2) | 3867 (4.2) | 43,514 (3.6) | |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 35 (0.1) | 98 (0.1) | 1155 (0.1) | |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 24 (0.1) | 72 (0.1) | 1676 (0.1) | P = 1.00, < .001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | 30,189 (97.5) | 89,272 (96.1) | 1,167,368 (96.5) | |
| White, Hispanic | 513 (1.7) | 2913 (3.1) | 28,732 (2.4) | |
| Black or African American, Hispanic | 128 (0.4) | 338 (0.4) | 8414 (0.7) | |
| Other*, Hispanic | 74 (0.2) | 263 (0.3) | 3933 (0.3) | |
| Asian, Hispanic | 70 (0.2) | 129 (0.1) | 1658 (0.1) | |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native, Hispanic | 1 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 31 (0.0) | |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Hispanic | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 92 (0.0) | P < .001, < .001 |
| Financial | ||||
| Commercial | 19,978 (64.5) | 54,634 (58.8) | 619,077 (51.2) | |
| Not recorded | 5826 (18.8) | 18,770 (20.2) | 246,673 (20.4) | |
| Medicare | 4127 (13.3) | 13,246 (14.3) | 254,220 (21.0) | |
| Medicaid | 1042 (3.4) | 6229 (6.7) | 89,469 (7.4) | |
| Self-pay | 3 (0.0) | 40 (0.0) | 789 (0.1) | P < .001, < .001 |
IQR, interquartile range.
↵* Other includes mixed race, other, and unknown.
↵† Variables were compared between groups using a t-test for the continuous variable age, and the χ2 test for the categorical variables: sex, race, ethnicity, and financial class. Comparisons were made between the yoga cohort and the control cohort (P-values before the comma) and between the yoga cohort and the broader patient population (P-values after the comma).