Characteristics and Demographics of Chronic Noncancer Patients Preintervention and Postintervention
| Characteristic | Preintervention (N = 177) | Postintervention (N = 96) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean) | 55.5 | 56.3 | .613 |
| Nonwhite race, N (%) | 100 (56.5) | 53 (55.2) | .899 |
| Female, N (%) | 111 (62.7) | 62 (64.6) | .794 |
| History of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N (%) | 7 (4.0) | 6 (6.3) | .390 |
| History of sleep apnea, N (%) | 51 (28.8) | 31 (32.3) | .582 |
| History of illegal drugs or alcohol abuse, N (%): | 53 (30.0) | 28 (29.2) | 1.000 |
| Heroin, N (%) | 7 (4.0) | 1 (1.0) | .267 |
| Cocaine, N (%) | 16 (9.0) | 8 (8.3) | 1.000 |
| Alcohol, N (%) | 22 (12.4) | 10 (10.4) | .697 |
| Marijuana, N (%) | 29 (16.4) | 16 (16.7) | 1.000 |
| History of addiction to opioid, N (%) | 18 (10.2) | 7 (7.3) | .514 |
| History of opioid overdose, N (%) | 7 (4.0) | 5 (5.2) | .759 |
| Psychiatric conditions: | |||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder, N (%) | 10 (5.6) | 7 (7.3) | .607 |
| Schizophrenia, N (%) | 11 (6.2) | 7 (7.3) | .800 |
| Bipolar, N (%) | 14 (7.9) | 8 (8.3) | 1.000 |
| Panic, N (%) | 37 (20.9) | 24 (25.0) | .450 |
| Anxiety, N (%) | 113 (63.8) | 66 (68.8) | .427 |
| Depression, N (%) | 126 (71.2) | 72 (75.0) | .571 |
| Current type of pain: | |||
| Neuropathy, N (%) | 27 (15.3) | 28 (29.2) | .010 |
| Abdominal, N (%) | 7 (4.0) | 7 (7.3) | .258 |
| Fibromyalgia, N (%) | 24 (13.6) | 4 (4.2) | .020 |
| Shoulder, N (%) | 37 (20.9) | 13 (13.5) | .144 |
| Pelvic/hip, N (%) | 25 (14.1) | 11 (11.5) | .580 |
| Limb, N (%) | 91 (51.4) | 45 (46.9) | .527 |
| Back/neck/thoracic, N (%) | 115 (65.0) | 66 (68.8) | .592 |
| Headache, N (%) | 4 (2.3) | 4 (4.2) | .458 |
| Opioids used: | |||
| Oxycodone, N (%) | 76 (42.7) | 39 (40.6) | .798 |
| Hydrocodone, N (%) | 63 (35.4) | 31 (32.3) | .689 |
| Tramadol, N (%) | 47 (26.6) | 28 (29.2) | .672 |
| Morphine, N (%) | 19 (10.7) | 11 (11.5) | .842 |
| Fentanyl, N (%) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (4.2) | .457 |
| Methadone, N (%) | 3 (1.7) | 1 (1.0) | 1.000 |
| Codeine, N (%) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (2.1) | .283 |
| Morphine dose equivalent (mean) | 37.9 | 31.3 | .363 |
| Nonopioids used: | |||
| Acetaminophen, N (%) | 61 (34.5) | 41 (42.7) | .192 |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, N (%) | 116 (65.5) | 66 (68.8) | .687 |
| Topical, N (%) | 62 (35.0) | 41 (42.7) | .240 |
| Muscle relaxant, N (%) | 83 (46.9) | 57 (59.4) | .057 |
| Antidepressant, N (%) | 98 (55.4) | 59 (61.5) | .370 |
| Antiepileptic, N (%) | 76 (42.9) | 49 (51.0) | .206 |
| Concomitant benzodiazepine use, N (%) | 37 (20.9) | 29 (30.2) | .103 |
| Specialist for current pain: | |||
| Physical therapy, N (%) | 126 (71.2) | 74 (77.1) | .319 |
| Osteopathic manipulative treatment, N (%) | 104 (58.8) | 49 (51.0) | .251 |
| Surgery, N (%) | 8 (4.5) | 8 (8.3) | .279 |
| Gastrointestinal, N (%) | 6 (3.4) | 7 (7.3) | .232 |
| Podiatry, N (%) | 14 (7.9) | 12 (12.5) | .280 |
| Neurologist, N (%) | 19 (10.7) | 12 (12.5) | .692 |
| Behavioral health, N (%) | 65 (36.7) | 36 (37.9) | .896 |
| Rheumatology, N (%) | 13 (7.3) | 10 (10.4) | .373 |
| Pain management, N (%) | 59 (33.3) | 40 (41.7) | .189 |
| Orthopedist, N (%) | 79 (44.6) | 37 (38.5) | .370 |