Table 1.

Characteristics Associated with Retail Clinic Visits in the Entire Study Cohort

Characteristic	Houston Metro Medicare Population	Retail Clinic Medicare Population	Retail Clinic Visit, %	OR^‡	95% CI
Overall	366,225	4706	1.29
Age (years)
<65	51,465	445	0.86	0.78	0.68 to 0.89
65–69	91,420	1196	1.31	1.00
70–74	80,721	1132	1.40	1.01	0.92 to 1.10
75–79	55,902	751	1.34	0.90	0.82 to 1.00
80–84	40,413	534	1.33	0.83	0.74 to 0.93
≥85	46,934	648	1.40	0.84	0.75 to 0.93
Mean ± SD	71.89 ± 11.77	73.27 ± 10.24
Median (Q1, Q3)	72 (67, 79)	73 (68, 80)
Sex
Male	166,663	1804	1.08	1.00
Female	199,562	2902	1.45	1.29	1.21 to 1.38
Race/Ethnicity
White	249,980	3795	1.52	1.74	1.55 to 1.95
Black	53,445	418	0.78	1.00
Hispanic	41,938	284	0.68	0.92	0.78 to 1.09
Other	20,862	209	1.00	1.15	0.95 to 1.40
Medicaid Eligibility^*
Yes	47,679	405	0.85	1.00
No	318,546	4301	1.35	1.26	1.12 to 1.43
Distance to nearest retail clinic
≤1 mile	164,806	2663	1.62	2.47	2.09 to 2.92
>1 to ≤5 miles	174,341	1876	1.08	1.81	1.53 to 2.14
>5 miles	27,075	167	0.62	1.00
Chronic conditions^†
0	11,651	939	0.84	0.70	0.63 −0.77
1	47,152	639	1.36	1.00
2	50,063	691	1.38	1.01	0.90 to 1.12
3+	114,128	1836	1.61	1.06	0.96 to 1.17
Hospitalization in 2014^†
0	271,556	3159	1.16	1.00
1	34,292	608	1.77	1.22	1.11 to 1.34
2	9930	186	1.87	1.22	1.05 to 1.43
3+	7216	152	2.11	1.41	1.19 to 1.68
Provider visit in 2014^†
Mean ± SD	7.75 ± 7.64	10.34 ± 8.93		1.02	1.02 to 1.03
Median (Q1, Q3)	6 (2, 11)	8 (4, 14)
Having an identified primary care physician in 2014^†
Yes	163,972	2356	1.44	0.90	0.84 to 0.97
No	159,022	1749	1.10	1.00

↵* To be eligible for Medicaid, individuals must meet financial criteria based on taxable income and tax filing relationships. For those aged 65 years and older, eligibility is determined using income methodologies of the supplemental security income (SSI) program. (Borella M, De Nardi M, French E. Who receives Medicaid in old age? Rules and reality. Fiscal Studies 2018;39:65–93).
↵† Beneficiaries with continuous enrollment of Part A and B without HMO in 2014.
↵‡ Results from multivariable logistic regression to examine patient characteristics associated with use of retail clinic (n = 322,994; those with Medicare Part A and B without HMO in 2014).
OR, odd ratio; CI, confidential interval; SD, standard deviation.