Characteristic | Houston Metro Medicare Population | Retail Clinic Medicare Population | Retail Clinic Visit, % | OR‡ | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 366,225 | 4706 | 1.29 | ||
Age (years) | |||||
<65 | 51,465 | 445 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.68 to 0.89 |
65–69 | 91,420 | 1196 | 1.31 | 1.00 | |
70–74 | 80,721 | 1132 | 1.40 | 1.01 | 0.92 to 1.10 |
75–79 | 55,902 | 751 | 1.34 | 0.90 | 0.82 to 1.00 |
80–84 | 40,413 | 534 | 1.33 | 0.83 | 0.74 to 0.93 |
≥85 | 46,934 | 648 | 1.40 | 0.84 | 0.75 to 0.93 |
Mean ± SD | 71.89 ± 11.77 | 73.27 ± 10.24 | |||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 72 (67, 79) | 73 (68, 80) | |||
Sex | |||||
Male | 166,663 | 1804 | 1.08 | 1.00 | |
Female | 199,562 | 2902 | 1.45 | 1.29 | 1.21 to 1.38 |
Race/Ethnicity | |||||
White | 249,980 | 3795 | 1.52 | 1.74 | 1.55 to 1.95 |
Black | 53,445 | 418 | 0.78 | 1.00 | |
Hispanic | 41,938 | 284 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 0.78 to 1.09 |
Other | 20,862 | 209 | 1.00 | 1.15 | 0.95 to 1.40 |
Medicaid Eligibility* | |||||
Yes | 47,679 | 405 | 0.85 | 1.00 | |
No | 318,546 | 4301 | 1.35 | 1.26 | 1.12 to 1.43 |
Distance to nearest retail clinic | |||||
≤1 mile | 164,806 | 2663 | 1.62 | 2.47 | 2.09 to 2.92 |
>1 to ≤5 miles | 174,341 | 1876 | 1.08 | 1.81 | 1.53 to 2.14 |
>5 miles | 27,075 | 167 | 0.62 | 1.00 | |
Chronic conditions† | |||||
0 | 11,651 | 939 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.63 −0.77 |
1 | 47,152 | 639 | 1.36 | 1.00 | |
2 | 50,063 | 691 | 1.38 | 1.01 | 0.90 to 1.12 |
3+ | 114,128 | 1836 | 1.61 | 1.06 | 0.96 to 1.17 |
Hospitalization in 2014† | |||||
0 | 271,556 | 3159 | 1.16 | 1.00 | |
1 | 34,292 | 608 | 1.77 | 1.22 | 1.11 to 1.34 |
2 | 9930 | 186 | 1.87 | 1.22 | 1.05 to 1.43 |
3+ | 7216 | 152 | 2.11 | 1.41 | 1.19 to 1.68 |
Provider visit in 2014† | |||||
Mean ± SD | 7.75 ± 7.64 | 10.34 ± 8.93 | 1.02 | 1.02 to 1.03 | |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 6 (2, 11) | 8 (4, 14) | |||
Having an identified primary care physician in 2014† | |||||
Yes | 163,972 | 2356 | 1.44 | 0.90 | 0.84 to 0.97 |
No | 159,022 | 1749 | 1.10 | 1.00 |
↵* To be eligible for Medicaid, individuals must meet financial criteria based on taxable income and tax filing relationships. For those aged 65 years and older, eligibility is determined using income methodologies of the supplemental security income (SSI) program. (Borella M, De Nardi M, French E. Who receives Medicaid in old age? Rules and reality. Fiscal Studies 2018;39:65–93).
↵† Beneficiaries with continuous enrollment of Part A and B without HMO in 2014.
↵‡ Results from multivariable logistic regression to examine patient characteristics associated with use of retail clinic (n = 322,994; those with Medicare Part A and B without HMO in 2014).
OR, odd ratio; CI, confidential interval; SD, standard deviation.