Patient and Opioid Prescription Characteristics for the Total Sample and by Chronic Opioid Therapy Status
| Patient Characteristic | Total Sample | Patients Not on COT | Patients on COT | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Across Rescheduling | Pre-Rescheduling | Post-Rescheduling | Across Rescheduling | Pre-Rescheduling | Post-Rescheduling | Across Rescheduling | Pre-Rescheduling | Post-Rescheduling | |
| Unique patients (n) | 82432 | 42311 | 52602 | 65116 | 29737 | 37814 | 17316 | 12574 | 14788 |
| Prescriptions per unique patient (M, SD) | 2.43 (3.57) | 2.04 (2.30) | 2.17 (2.56) | 1.16 (0.45) | 1.10 (0.30) | 1.14 (0.39) | 7.21 (5.56) | 4.27 (3.25) | 4.81 (3.64) |
| Patients w/ days' supply available (n)* | 37328 | 22582 | 21862 | 23726 | 12837 | 11563 | 13602 | 9745 | 10299 |
| Patient age in years (M, SD) | 47.54 (14.48) | 48.59 (14.35) | 48.24 (14.35) | 46.14 (14.67) | 46.46 (14.68) | 46.33 (14.65) | 52.80 (12.42) | 53.63 (12.12) | 53.13 (12.27) |
| Women (n, %) | 46743 (56.70%) | 24015 (56.76%) | 30339 (57.68%) | 36789 (56.50%) | 16678 (56.09%) | 21681 (57.34%) | 9954 (57.48%) | 7337 (58.65%) | 8658 (58.55%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| American Indian (n, %) | 131 (0.16%) | 53 (0.13%) | 94 (0.18%) | 106 (0.16%) | 36 (0.12%) | 76 (0.20%) | 25 (0.14%) | 17 (0.14%) | 18 (0.12%) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander (n, %) | 2524 (3.06%) | 1253 (2.96%) | 1505 (2.86%) | 2189 (3.36%) | 1036 (3.48%) | 1227 (3.25%) | 335 (1.93%) | 217 (1.73%) | 278 (1.88%) |
| Black/African American (n, %) | 28720 (34.84%) | 15582 (36.83%) | 18852 (35.84%) | 21187 (32.54%) | 9970 (33.53%) | 12251 (32.40%) | 7533 (43.50%) | 5612 (44.63%) | 6601 (44.64%) |
| Hispanic/Latino (n, %) | 39930 (47.23%) | 18638 (44.05%) | 24449 (46.48%) | 33082 (50.81%) | 14566 (48.98%) | 19520 (51.62%) | 5848 (33.77%) | 4072 (32.38%) | 4929 (33.33%) |
| Middle Eastern (n, %) | 930 (1.13%) | 421 (1.00%) | 599 (1.14%) | 810 (1.24%) | 340 (1.14%) | 499 (1.32%) | 120 (0.69%) | 81 (0.64%) | 100 (0.68%) |
| White/Caucasian (n, %) | 10872 (13.19%) | 6213 (14.68%) | 6901 (13.12%) | 7455 (11.45%) | 3661 (12.31%) | 4075 (10.78%) | 3417 (19.73%) | 2552 (20.3%) | 2826 (19.11%) |
| Other/Unknown (n, %) | 325 (0.39%) | 151 (0.36%) | 202 (0.38%) | 287 (0.44%) | 128 (0.43%) | 164 (0.43%) | 38 (0.22%) | 23 (0.18%) | 36 (0.24%) |
| Primary diagnosis | |||||||||
| Headaches/nerve (n, %) | 1310 (1.59%) | 740 (1.75%) | 959 (1.82%) | 821 (1.26%) | 363 (1.22%) | 505 (1.34%) | 489 (2.82%) | 377 (3%) | 454 (3.07%) |
| Neoplasms (n, %) | 2001 (2.43%) | 1143 (2.7%) | 1324 (2.52%) | 1199 (1.84%) | 564 (1.9%) | 696 (1.84%) | 802 (4.63%) | 579 (4.6%) | 628 (4.25%) |
| Infections (n, %) | 3634 (4.41%) | 1731 (4.09%) | 2218 (4.22%) | 3196 (4.91%) | 1431 (4.81%) | 1842 (4.87%) | 438 (2.53%) | 300 (2.39%) | 376 (2.54%) |
| Other (n, %) | 9002 (10.92%) | 4432 (10.47%) | 5533 (10.52%) | 7453 (11.45%) | 3313 (11.14%) | 4336 (11.47%) | 1549 (8.95%) | 1119 (8.9%) | 1197 (8.09%) |
| Fever/general symptoms (n, %) | 10180 (12.35%) | 5070 (11.98%) | 6243 (11.87%) | 8554 (13.14%) | 3919 (13.18%) | 4911 (12.99%) | 1626 (9.39%) | 1151 (9.15%) | 1332 (9.01%) |
| Dental (n, %) | 11609 (14.08%) | 5382 (12.72%) | 7181 (13.65%) | 10327 (15.86%) | 4570 (15.37%) | 6067 (16.04%) | 1282 (7.40%) | 812 (6.46%) | 1114 (7.53%) |
| Injuries (n, %) | 12413 (15.06%) | 6160 (14.56%) | 7164 (13.62%) | 10355 (15.90%) | 4827 (16.23%) | 5717 (15.12%) | 2058 (11.88%) | 1333 (10.6%) | 1447 (9.78%) |
| Musculoskeletal (n, %) | 32283 (39.16%) | 17653 (41.72%) | 21980 (41.79%) | 23211 (35.65%) | 10750 (36.15%) | 13740 (36.34%) | 9072 (52.39%) | 6903 (54.9%) | 8240 (55.72%) |
| Unique patients with MME (n) | 37328 | 22582 | 21862 | 23726 | 12837 | 11563 | 13602 | 9745 | 10299 |
| Highest MME/day/patient (M, SD) | 21.92 (15.83) | 21.74 (14.55) | 21.26 (16.59) | 19.92 (9.33) | 19.98 (9.73) | 19.64 (8.74) | 25.41 (22.72) | 24.06 (18.88) | 23.07 (22.19) |
| Highest MME/day/patient Category | |||||||||
| <20 (n, %) | 20206 (54.13%) | 12410 (54.96%) | 12379 (56.62%) | 14941 (62.97%) | 8070 (62.87%) | 7423 (64.20%) | 5265 (38.71%) | 4340 (44.54%) | 4956 (48.12%) |
| 20 to <50 (n, %) | 16485 (44.16%) | 9796 (43.38%) | 9162 (41.91%) | 8640 (36.42%) | 4672 (36.39%) | 4088 (35.35%) | 7845 (57.68%) | 5124 (52.58%) | 5074 (49.27%) |
| 50 to <90 (n, %) | 553 (1.48%) | 336 (1.49%) | 272 (1.24%) | 127 (0.54%) | 85 (0.66%) | 44 (0.38%) | 426 (3.13%) | 251 (2.58%) | 228 (2.21%) |
| >90 (n, %) | 84 (0.23%) | 40 (0.18%) | 49 (0.22%) | 18 (0.08%) | 10 (0.08%) | 8 (0.07%) | 66 (0.49%) | 30 (0.31%) | 41 (0.40%) |
| Prescription characteristics | |||||||||
| Total opioid prescriptions (n) | 200695 | 86343 | 114332 | 75824 | 32631 | 43193 | 124851 | 53712 | 71139 |
| Oncology (n, %) | 5668 (2.82%) | 2805 (3.25%) | 2863 (2.50%) | 937 (1.24%) | 434 (1.33%) | 503 (1.16%) | 4731 (3.79%) | 2371 (4.41%) | 2360 (3.32%) |
| Dental (n, %) | 11477 (5.72%) | 4703 (5.45%) | 6774 (5.92%) | 7247 (9.56%) | 3007 (9.22%) | 4240 (9.82%) | 4230 (3.39%) | 1696 (3.16%) | 2534 (3.56%) |
| Surgical (n, %) | 22344 (11.12%) | 9313 (10.79%) | 13011 (11.38%) | 10117 (13.34%) | 4074 (12.49%) | 6043 (13.99%) | 12207 (9.78%) | 5239 (9.75%) | 6968 (9.79%) |
| Medicine (n, %) | 18618 (9.28%) | 7875 (9.12%) | 10743 (9.40%) | 3087 (4.07%) | 1326 (4.06%) | 1761 (4.08%) | 15531 (12.44%) | 6549 (12.19%) | 8982 (12.63%) |
| Emergency (n, %) | 40187 (20.03%) | 18547 (21.48%) | 21640 (18.93%) | 27520 (36.29%) | 12511 (38.34%) | 15009 (34.75%) | 12667 (10.15%) | 6036 (11.24%) | 6631 (9.32%) |
| Primary care (n, %) | 102401 (51.03%) | 43100 (10.79%) | 59301 (51.87%) | 26916 (35.50%) | 11279 (34.57%) | 15637 (36.20%) | 75485 (60.46%) | 31821 (59.24%) | 43664 (61.38%) |
| Opioid prescribed | |||||||||
| Hydrocodone combination (n, %) | 63353 (31.57%) | 45289 (52.45%) | 18064 (15.80%) | 18701 (24.66%) | 16489 (50.53%) | 2212 (5.12%) | 44652 (35.76%) | 28800 (53.62%) | 15852 (22.28%) |
| Tramadol (n, %) | 101101 (50.38%) | 35549 (41.17%) | 65552 (57.33%) | 41449 (54.66%) | 13827 (42.37%) | 27622 (63.95%) | 59652 (47.78%) | 21722 (40.44%) | 37930 (53.32%) |
| Codeine combination (n, %) | 36221 (18.05%) | 5505 (6.38%) | 30716 (26.87%) | 15674 (20.67%) | 2315 (7.09%) | 13359 (30.93%) | 20547 (16.46%) | 3190 (5.94%) | 17357 (24.40%) |
| Total prescriptions with days' supply (n) | 95126 | 49336 | 45790 | 26290 | 12845 | 12445 | 68836 | 35491 | 33345 |
| Days' supply (M, SD)* | 12.55 (8.50) | 13.22 (9.02) | 13.44 (8.94) | 10.48 (7.79) | 10.66 (8.09) | 10.49 (7.66) | 16.16 (8.50) | 16.61 (9.06) | 16.75 (9.10) |
| MME/day (M, SD) | 21.13 (15.71) | 21.53 (15.21) | 20.69 (16.22) | 19.70 (9.49) | 19.87 (10.22) | 19.50 (8.60) | 21.68 (17.48) | 22.18 (16.71) | 21.13 (18.25) |
| MME/prescription (M, SD) | 316.89 (308.80) | 321.19 (299.44) | 312.26 (318.51) | 190.97 (160.85) | 196.33 (158.43) | 185.00 (163.29) | 364.98 (336.93) | 369.90 (326.19) | 359.75 (347.94) |
| MME/day category (prescription level) | |||||||||
| <20 (n, %) | 54738 (57.54%) | 27677 (56.10%) | 27061 (59.10%) | 16889 (64.24%) | 8797 (63.54%) | 8092 (65.02%) | 37849 (54.98%) | 18880 (53.20%) | 18969 (56.89%) |
| 20 to < 0 (n, %) | 38906 (40.90%) | 20810 (42.18%) | 18096 (39.52%) | 9250 (35.18%) | 4950 (35.75%) | 4300 (34.55%) | 29656 (43.08%) | 15860 (44.69%) | 13796 (41.37%) |
| 50 to <90 (n, %) | 1308 (1.38%) | 753 (1.53%) | 555 (1.21%) | 132 (0.50%) | 87 (0.63%) | 45 (0.36%) | 1176 (1.71%) | 666 (1.88%) | 510 (1.53%) |
| >90 (n, %) | 174 (0.18%) | 96 (0.19%) | 78 (0.17%) | 19 (0.07%) | 11 (0.08%) | 8 (0.06%) | 155 (0.23%) | 85 (0.24%) | 70 (0.21%) |
COT, chronic opioid therapy; M, mean; MME, morphine milligram equivalency; SD, standard deviation.
↵* Patients had at least one non-missing value for days' supply for an average to be calculated at the prescription level.