Characteristics of Visit Sample and Factors Associated with Diabetes Screening (n = 105,721)
| Variable | Total No. (n = 105,721) | Diabetes Screening (n = 8,375), N (weighted %) | No Diabetes Screening (n = 97,346), N (weighted %) | Adjusted OR of Screening (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18 to 44 | 5,845 (6.8) | 653 (8.6) | 5,192 (6.6) | 1.00 |
| 45 to 64 | 52,100 (49.7) | 4,302 (53.6) | 47,798 (49.2) | 1.18 (0.96–1.46) |
| ≥65 | 47,776 (43.5) | 3,420 (37.8) | 44,356 (44.2) | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 92,347 (83.8) | 7,043 (78.2) | 85,304 (84.5) | 1.00 |
| Black | 9,263 (10.5) | 918 (14.9) | 8,345 (9.9) | 1.28 (1.03–1.58) |
| Other* | 4,111 (5.7) | 414 (7.0) | 3,697 (5.5) | 1.44 (1.14–1.82) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 60,831 (58.5) | 4,633 (56.9) | 56,198 (58.7) | 1.00 |
| Male | 44,890 (41.5) | 3,742 (43.1) | 41,148 (41.3) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) |
| BMI | ||||
| <18.5 | 42,799 (36.1) | 1,451 (13.1) | 41,348 (39.1) | 1.00 |
| 18.5 to 25 | 16,062 (16.4) | 1,536 (19.8) | 14,526 (15.9) | 2.63 (2.15–3.21) |
| 25 to 30 | 22,692 (23.6) | 2,703 (36.3) | 19,989 (21.9) | 3.17 (2.63–3.81) |
| ≥30 | 24,168 (24.0) | 2,685 (30.7) | 21,483 (23.1) | 2.08 (1.72–2.51) |
| Primary payer | ||||
| Private | 46,101 (44.3) | 4,085 (50.5) | 42,016 (43.4) | 1.00 |
| Medicare/Medicaid | 46,584 (43.4) | 3,431 (40.3) | 43,153 (43.8) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) |
| Uninsured | 4,006 (4.6) | 164 (1.9) | 3,842 (5.0) | 0.52 (0.37–0.73) |
| Other† | 9,030 (7.7) | 695 (7.4) | 8,335 (7.8) | 0.87 (0.61–1.25) |
| Smoking | 13,764 (12.8) | 1,333 (15.7) | 12,431 (12.5) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 36,729 (37.1) | 4,512 (53.0) | 32,217 (35.0) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) |
| CHF | 3,365 (3.3) | 365 (3.4) | 3,000 (3.3) | 0.75 (0.58–0.96) |
| CAD | 4,996 (5.4) | 740 (7.7) | 4,256 (5.1) | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) |
| PCOS | 70 (0.08) | 19 (0.2) | 51 (0.1) | —‡ |
| Abnormal lipids§ | 1,323 (1.3) | 362 (3.2) | 961 (1.1) | 1.69 (1.30–2.20) |
| Prediabetes | 5,406 (6.0) | 1,523 (16.7) | 3,883 (4.6) | 2.56 (2.19–3.00) |
| Total no. of chronic conditions | ||||
| 0 | 34,527 (30.5) | 1,241 (14.8) | 33,286 (32.6) | 1.00 |
| 1 | 32,263 (30.2) | 2,102 (25.6) | 30,161 (30.8) | 1.56 (1.33–1.83) |
| 2 | 20,470 (20.0) | 2,362 (26.6) | 18,108 (19.0) | 2.26 (1.87–2.74) |
| >2 | 18,461 (19.4) | 2,670 (33.0) | 15,791 (17.6) | 2.97 (2.37–3.72) |
| Physician Specialty | ||||
| Family/Internal medicine | 18,378 (29.3) | 3,959 (62.8) | 14,419 (24.8) | 1.00 |
| CVD specialty | 3,730 (4.6) | 520 (5.0) | 3,210 (4.5) | 0.38 (0.25–0.58) |
| Other | 83,613 (66.0) | 3,896 (32.2) | 79,717 (70.7) | 0.26 (0.22–0.31) |
| Physician Office | ||||
| Metropolitan area | 93,411 (91.7) | 7,350 (92.3) | 86,061 (91.6) | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | 15,449 (21.5) | 1,518 (27.5) | 13,931 (20.7) | 1.00 |
| Midwest | 28,363 (17.9) | 2,207 (16.9) | 26,156 (18.0) | 0.61 (0.48–0.78) |
| South | 37,030 (37.4) | 2,972 (36.7) | 34,058 (37.5) | 0.67 (0.52–0.88) |
| West | 24,879 (23.2) | 1,678 (18.9) | 23,201 (23.8) | 0.52 (0.40–0.67) |
↵* Other races include Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and multiple races.
↵† Other sources of payments include worker's compensation, other, and unknown.
↵‡ Not a reliable estimate due to a small number (<30) of patients with PCOS in the screening group.
↵§ High density lipoprotein (HDL) <35 mg/dL or triglycerides (TG) >250 mg/dL
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; OR, odds ratio; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; CHF congestive heart failure; CAD, coronary artery disease.