Assessment of Study Quality Using the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) Framework
| Author, Year | Consecutive or random sample enrolled? (Y/N/U) | Case-control design avoided? (Y/N/U) | Avoided inappropriate exclusion criteria? (Y/N/U) | Likelihood that patient selection could have introduced bias? (H/L/U) | Concerns that included patients and setting do not match the review question? (Y/N/U) | CDR results interpreted without knowledge of reference standard? (Y/N/U) | Likelihood that conduct or interpretation of the CDR have introduced bias? (H/L/U) | Concerns that the CDR differs from the review question? (Y/N/U) | Reference standard likely to correctly classify patients as pneumonia? (Y/N/U) | Reference standard interpreted without knowledge of index test? (Y/N/U) | Likelihood that conduct or interpretation of reference standard introduced bias? (H/L/U) | Conditions defined by the reference standard do not match the review question? (Y/N/U) | All patients receive a reference standard? (Y/N/U) | Did all patients receive the same reference standard? (Y/N/U) | Were all patients included in the analysis? (Y/N/U) | Patient flow have introduced bias? (H/L/U) | Overall assessment of risk of bias (H/M/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diehr, 1984 | Y | Y | Y | L | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | L |
| Ebrahimzadeh, 2015 | U | N | Y | H | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | M |
| Gennis, 1989 | Y | Y | N | H | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | M |
| Heckerling, 1990 | Y | Y | N | H | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | M |
| Holm, 2007 | Y | Y | Y | L | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | L |
| Hopstaken, 2003 | Y | Y | Y | L | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | L |
| Melbye, 1992 | Y | Y | Y | L | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | N | Y | Y | H | M |
| Obrien, 2006 | U | N | Y | H | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | M |
| Saldias, 2007 | Y | Y | Y | L | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | L |
| Singal, 1989 | Y | Y | N | H | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | M |
| Steurer, 2011 | Y | Y | Y | L | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | L |
| van Vugt, 2013 | Y | Y | Y | L | N | Y | L | N | Y | Y | L | N | Y | Y | Y | L | L |
Y: yes; N: No; U: unknown; H; high, M: moderate; L: low; CDR: clinical decision rule.