Univariable Analyses of Factors Associated with Child Obesity in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Birth Cohort Data
| Risk Factors | n | Population % | % Overweight or Obese (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical variables | ||||
| Socioeconomic status (P < .0001) | ||||
| Quintile 1 (lowest) | 1263 | 19.91 | 44.94 (40.47–49.41) | REF |
| Quintile 2 | 1265 | 19.88 | 37.24 (33.57–40.90) | 0.73 (0.57–0.92) |
| Quintile 3 | 1288 | 19.96 | 36.43 (32.23–40.63) | 0.70 (0.55–0.90) |
| Quintile 4 | 1332 | 20.20 | 35.41 (31.92–38.91) | 0.67 (0.53–0.86) |
| Quintile 5 (highest) | 1622 | 20.06 | 27.09 (24.26–29.91) | 0.46 (0.37–0.56) |
| Food security (P = .043) | ||||
| Food secure | 6034 | 89.71 | 35.45 (33.82–37.07) | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) |
| Food insecure without hunger | 547 | 8.03 | 40.98 (34.96–47.00) | 0.77 (0.68–1.27) |
| Food insecure with hunger | 171 | 2.26 | 47.39 (35.47–59.30) | REF |
| Parents who reside in household (P = .0078) | ||||
| Biological mother and biological father | 4705 | 68.96 | 34.61 (32.73–36.49) | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) |
| Other household composition | 2065 | 31.04 | 39.75 (36.53–42.97) | REF |
| Race/ethnicity (P < .0001) | ||||
| White | 2767 | 53.80 | 31.35 (29.03–33.66) | REF |
| Black | 1056 | 13.88 | 40.32 (35.62–45.02) | 1.48 (1.18–1.86) |
| Hispanic | 1359 | 25.12 | 43.47 (39.76–47.18) | 1.68 (1.39–2.04) |
| Asian | 765 | 2.62 | 28.69 (22.82–34.57) | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) |
| Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Alaska, or American Indian | 251 | 0.65 | 48.44 (36.96–59.92) | 2.06 (1.28–3.30) |
| Other race (includes more than one race) | 560 | 3.94 | 43.39 (36.77–50.00) | 1.70 (1.26–2.24) |
| Child's sex (P = .28) | ||||
| Female | 3348 | 49.06 | 37.12 (35.13–39.10) | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) |
| Male | 3422 | 50.94 | 35.26 (32.63–37.89) | REF |
| Child was put to bed with bottle (P = .014) | ||||
| Yes | 2089 | 29.69 | 39.48 (36.12–42.84) | 1.22 (1.04–1.43) |
| No | 4675 | 70.31 | 34.80 (33.03–36.57) | REF |
| Parental rule about which kinds of food child can eat (P = .0039) | ||||
| Yes | 5142 | 76.77 | 34.74 (32.98–36.51) | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) |
| No | 1627 | 23.23 | 40.94(37.12–44.76) | REF |
| Current smoking (P = .0033) | ||||
| Yes | 1303 | 19.56 | 41.43 (37.36–45.49) | 1.32 (1.10–1.60) |
| No | 5462 | 80.44 | 34.89 (33.14–36.64) | REF |
| Amount of soda consumed by child (P = .034) | ||||
| More than 7 per week | 1839 | 26.99 | 39.23 (36.21–42.26) | 1.03 (0.87–1.20) |
| Less than 6 time per week | 3019 | 44.08 | 35.12 (32.97–37.28) | 1.22 (1.03–1.45) |
| Never | 1903 | 28.93 | 34.56 (31.54–37.58) | REF |
| Mother's hours work/week (P = .48) | 0.4827 | |||
| 35 hours or more per week | 2971 | 42.93 | 37.55 (35.20–39.90) | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) |
| Less than 35 hours per week | 1257 | 19.13 | 34.99 (31.02–38.96) | 1.02 (0.83–1.24) |
| Looking for work | 358 | 5.68 | 35.72 (28.24–43.21) | 1.05 (0.75–1.64) |
| Not in the labor force | 2071 | 32.27 | 34.66 (31.89–37.44) | REF |
| Parental rule about television watching (P = .041) | ||||
| Yes | 6274 | 93.82 | 35.77 (34.09–37.45) | 0.73 (0.55–0.99) |
| No | 466 | 6.18 | 43.16 (36.18–50.14) | REF |
| Neighborhood safety (P = .0005) | ||||
| Very safe | 4012 | 59.40 | 33.71 (31.77–35.66) | 0.55 (0.33–0.91) |
| Fairly safe | 2363 | 34.60 | 38.83 (35.83–41.82) | 0.68 (0.41–1.15) |
| Very unsafe | 115 | 4.30 | 45.32 (37.07–53.57) | 0.89 (0.48–1.65) |
| Refuse | 93 | 1.70 | 48.16 (35.15–61.16) | REF |
| Overall population | 36.31 (34.62–37.79) |
| Risk Factors | Overweight/Obese (95% CI) N = 2246 | Nonoverweight/Obese (95% CI) N = 4572 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous variables | |||
| Birth weight (grams) | 3436.0 (3405.9–3466.1) | 3248.4 (3224.0–3272.9) | <.0001 |
| Hours TV watched per weekday | 2.01 (1.92–2.10) | 1.86 (1.79–1.93) | .0045 |
| Days per week eat as a family | 5.49 (5.38–5.59) | 5.66 (5.58–5.74) | .046 |
| Parent days per week exercises for 30 minutes | 1.75 (1.61–1.90) | 1.94 (1.83–2.06) | .047 |
Boldface indicates statistical significance (P < .05).
CI, confidential interval; REF, Reference category for odd ratios.