Age-Standardized Prevalence of 2 or More Multimorbidities for Participants Aged 20 Years or Older, Stratified by Age, Sex, Race, Poverty, Education, and Insurance Status for National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988–2014
| 1988–1994 (n = 16573) | 1999–2000 (n = 4222) | 2001–2002 (n = 4792) | 2003–2004 (n = 4742) | 2005–2006 (n = 4481) | 2007–2008 (n = 5660) | 2009–2010 (n = 6011) | 2011–2012 (n = 5281) | 2013–2014 (n = 5541) | P for trend‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. with 2 or more multimorbidities* | 8535 | 2528 | 2735 | 2900 | 2664 | 3519 | 3618 | 3135 | 3354 | |
| Overall prevalence, %† | 45.7 (43.5–47.8) | 51.9 (48.0–55.8) | 51.2 (48.3–54.0) | 55.8 (52.7–58.9 | 57.0 (54.0–60.0) | 56.8 (53.5–60.1) | 55.2 (52.9–57.4) | 57.4 (54.0–60.8) | 59.6 (58.1–61.1) | <.0001 |
| Age group, y | ||||||||||
| 20–44 | 26.6 (24.2–28.9) | 30.9 (26.9–34.9) | 31.9 (29.3–34.6) | 34.5 (31.5–37.5) | 35.4 (30.9–39.9) | 35.1 (31.3–39.0) | 32.4 (30.2–34.6) | 34.9 (31.4–38.4) | 37.5 (35.4–39.5) | <.0001 |
| 45–64 | 63.1 (61.0–65.3) | 68.0 (61.5–74.5) | 63.6 (59.4–67.7) | 70.1 (66.2–73.9) | 69.0 (66.3–71.7) | 68.8 (65.2–72.3) | 67.3 (64.4–70.2) | 69.2 (66.5–72.0) | 70.6 (67.5–73.6) | <.0001 |
| 65+ | 83.5 (81.5–85.6) | 91.7 (89.8–93.6) | 88.9 (86.6–91.1) | 90.6 (88.6–92.6) | 91.5 (89.2–93.8) | 90.5 (88.4–92.5) | 90.8 (89.3–92.4) | 89.8 (87.5–92.0) | 91.8 (88.6–95.1) | <.0001 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 45.6 (43.6–47.5) | 51.3 (46.0–56.8) | 51.3 (48.6–54.0) | 54.6 (51.4–57.9) | 54.8 (51.8–57.8) | 54.4 (51.2–57.5) | 54.8 (52.7–56.9) | 54.5 (52.0–57.0) | 56.1 (54.8–57.3) | <.0001 |
| Female | 50.2 (48.5–51.9) | 54.9 (51.2–58.5) | 52.3 (49.8–54.7) | 56.2 (53.4–59.0) | 56.7 (53.7–59.6) | 56.4 (53.1–59.7) | 52.4 (50.7–54.1) | 56.1 (53.4–58.7 | 58.7 (56.9–60.5) | <.0001 |
| Race | ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 46.9 (45.2–48.7) | 49.6 (45.3–53.9) | 48.0 (43.6–52.3) | 50.5 (46.3–54.6) | 49.8 (46.5–53.1) | 51.5 (48.5–54.4) | 51.1 (47.5–54.7) | 56.2 (52.4–60.0) | 54.9 (52.8–57.1) | <.0001 |
| White | 44.0 (38.7–49.4) | 53.5 (49.0–57.9) | 52.2 (49.6–54.7) | 56.6 (53.9–59.3) | 56.5 (53.4–59.6) | 56.3 (51.8–60.8) | 53.9 (51.9–55.9) | 55.1 (51.7–58.5) | 59.2 (57.5–60.9) | <.0001 |
| Black | 47.9 (45.9–49.9) | 57.5 (55.4–59.5) | 56.0 (54.2–57.9) | 58.8 (56.5–61.1) | 58.9 (55.5–62.3) | 58.6 (55.5–61.7) | 61.5 (58.7–64.5) | 61.6 (59.0–64.2) | 60.1 (56.7–63.4) | <.0001 |
| Others | 52.9 (51.3–54.5) | 52.7 (37.7–67.7) | 47.9 (40.7–55.0) | 45.3 (34.5–56.1) | 53.5 (44.8–62.3) | 49.8 (40.3–59.2) | 42.6 (37.6–47.6) | 45.0 (41.2–48.9) | 45.0 (42.0–48.0) | .11 |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | ||||||||||
| Above poverty (≥1.0) | 47.4 (45.7–49.2) | 52.7 (48.9–56.5) | 51.4 (49.0–53.9) | 55.3 (52.5–58.0) | 55.6 (52.5–58.7) | 55.3 (52.8–57.9) | 53.4 (51.9–55.0) | 54.8 (52.5–57.2) | 57.5 (56.1–58.9) | <.0001 |
| Under poverty, <1.0 | 53.1 (50.5–55.8) | 58.9 (52.4–65.4) | 54.0 (48.7–59.3) | 58.4 (52.9–64.0) | 57.1 (52.2–61.9) | 59.1 (53.4–64.8) | 58.4 (55.2–61.7) | 57.0 (53.0–61.0) | 58.0 (54.5–61.6) | .001 |
| Health insurance | ||||||||||
| Yes | 48.1 (46.3–50.0) | 54.2 (49.7–58.7) | 52.9 (51.1–54.7) | 57.0 (54.2–59.8) | 57.5 (54.4–60.6) | 56.6 (53.2–60.0) | 54.6 (52.9–56.2) | 55.5 (53.2–57.9) | 58.7 (57.1–60.4) | <.0001 |
| No | 43.1 (38.3–47.8) | 47.9 (40.7–55.1) | 46.4 (38.5–54.3) | 46.7 (40.0–53.3) | 48.9 (44.9–53.0) | 50.5 (46.4–54.7) | 48.8 (44.1–53.4) | 53.9 (50.0–57.7) | 51.3 (47.7–54.9 | <.0001 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| ≥High school | 46.4 (44.7–48.2) | 52.9 (48.6–57.2) | 51.4 (49.3–53.6) | 54.9 (52.4–57.4) | 55.8 (52.8–58.9) | 54.8 (51.8–57.9) | 53.2 (51.7–54.7) | 54.4 (52.0–56.7) | 57.4 (56.1–58.8) | <.0001 |
| <High school | 52.5 (50.0–55.0) | 54.4 (49.9–58.9) | 53.8 (49.8–57.9) | 58.2 (53.4–63.1) | 56.1 (53.0–59.3) | 57.6 (52.7–62.5) | 55.5 (51.4–59.5) | 60.3 (56.1–64.4) | 57.1 (53.1–61.0) | .05 |
↵* Unweighted total number of subjects with 2 or more multimorbidities.
↵† Weighted overall prevalence of (95% confidence interval) 2 or more multimorbidities.
↵‡ P value from logistic regression analysis.
Chronic conditions included in determining multi-morbidity: cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, asthma, arthritis, cancer, stroke, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity.