Multivariate Logistic Regression Models for Association between Gender and Cost-Related Medication Nonadherence among Diabetes Patients (N = 11,448)
| Skipped Medication OR (95% CI) | Took Less Medication OR (95% CI) | Delayed Filling Prescription OR (95% CI) | Lower-Cost Medication OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.30** (1.09–1.55) | 1.26* (1.06–1.50) | 1.29*** (1.11–1.50) | 1.17** (1.04–1.32) |
| Usual Source of Care | ||||
| Yes | 0.59*** (0.44–0.79) | 0.56*** (0.42–0.74) | 0.60*** (0.45–0.79) | 1.09 (0.84–1.42) |
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age | ||||
| 18 to 29 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 30 to 44 | 0.99 (0.63–1.54) | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | 1.13 (0.72–1.76) | 1.28 (0.88–1.87) |
| 45 to 64 | 0.73 (0.48–1.12) | 0.80 (0.53–1.21) | 0.75 (0.48–1.16) | 1.06 (0.74–1.50) |
| 65 and above | 0.24*** (0.15–0.38) | 0.29*** (0.19–0.46) | 0.28*** (0.18–0.44) | 0.69* (0.48–0.99) |
| Race/Ethncity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 1.09 (0.91–1.30) | 0.80** (0.69–0.92) |
| Hispanic | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 0.99 (0.78–1.24) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.72*** (0.60–0.85) |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 0.61** (0.42–0.89) | 0.63* (0.43–0.92) | 0.50*** (0.35–0.71) | 0.64*** (0.50–0.81) |
| Education Attainment | ||||
| Less than High School (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High School | 1.18 (0.88–1.58) | 1.25 (0.93–1.68) | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) |
| Some College and Above | 1.36 (0.99–1.86) | 1.53** (1.12–2.09) | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) |
| Non-married (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Health Insurance | ||||
| Private (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Public | 0.74** (0.61–0.91) | 0.68*** (0.55–0.83) | 0.69*** (0.57–0.82) | 0.79*** (0.69–0.89) |
| No Coverage | 2.72*** (2.10–3.53) | 2.46*** (1.91–3.17) | 2.26*** (1.79–2.83) | 2.11*** (1.73–2.58) |
| Poverty Ratio | ||||
| Less than 1 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 to 2 | 1.24 (0.98–1.56) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 1.61*** (1.35–1.92) |
| Greater than 2 | 0.62*** (0.46–0.82) | 0.55*** (0.42–0.71) | 0.59*** (0.46–0.76) | 1.30** (1.08–1.56) |
| Self-reported Health | ||||
| Good and above | 0.55*** (0.46–0.65) | 0.53*** (0.44–0.63) | 0.57*** (0.48–0.67) | 0.73*** (0.65–0.83) |
| Fair and below (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Current Smoker | ||||
| Yes | 1.39** (1.14–1.70) | 1.36** (1.12–1.64) | 1.28* (1.06–1.54) | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) |
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Alcohol Use | ||||
| Heavy & Medium | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) | 0.83 (0.64–1.09) | 0.86 (0.71–1.05) |
| Light & No use (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Functional Limitation | ||||
| Not limited in any way (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Has a functional limitation | 1.90*** (1.55–2.33) | 2.01*** (1.65–2.46) | 1.98*** (1.65–2.38) | 1.67*** (1.46–1.92) |