Demographic and Clinical Characteristics by Depression Screening Status among Primary Care Adult Patients Screened for Hazardous Alcohol Use
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P value | No. (%) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Administered the PHQ-9 | Not Administered the PHQ-9 | Met Criteria for Significant Depression | Did Not Meet Criteria for Significant Depression | |||
| Totals | (n = 68,686)* | (n = 2,826,220)* | (n = 32,390)† | (n = 36,296)† | ||
| Sex | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Female | 45,007 (65.5) | 1,505,142 (53.3) | 21,715 (67.0) | 23,292 (64.2) | ||
| Male | 23,679 (34.5) | 1,321,078 (46.7) | 10,675 (33.0) | 13,004 (35.8) | ||
| Age, years | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| 18 to 39 | 32,295 (47.0) | 1,081,490 (38.3) | 17,017 (52.5) | 15,278 (42.1) | ||
| 40 to 65 | 27,980 (40.8) | 1,213,142 (42.9) | 12,546 (38.7) | 15,434 (42.5) | ||
| >65 | 8,411 (12.2) | 531,588 (18.8) | 2,827 (8.7) | 5,584 (15.4) | ||
| Race/ethnicity‡ | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Asian | 6,619 (9.6) | 525,505 (18.6) | 3,169 (9.8) | 3,450 (9.5) | ||
| Black/African American | 4,348 (6.3) | 200,530 (7.1) | 2,525 (7.8) | 1,823 (5.0) | ||
| Hispanic | 14,194 (20.7) | 554,523 (19.6) | 7,425 (22.9) | 6,769 (18.7) | ||
| White | 39,035 (56.8) | 1,351,540 (47.8) | 17,013 (52.5) | 22,022 (60.7) | ||
| Other/Unknown | 4,490 (6.5) | 194,122 (6.9) | 2,258 (7.0) | 2,232 (6.2) | ||
| Medicaid coverage | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Yes | 1,066 (1.6) | 29,347 (1.0) | 632 (2.0) | 434 (1.2) | ||
| No | 67,620 (98.4) | 2,796,873 (99.0) | 31,758 (98.0) | 35,862 (98.8) | ||
| Nondepressive/non-SUD mental health diagnosis§ | <.001 | .751 | ||||
| Yes | 4,628 (6.7) | 138,773 (4.9) | 2,172 (6.7) | 2,456 (6.8) | ||
| No | 64,058 (93.3) | 2,687,447 (95.1) | 30,218 (93.3) | 33,840 (93.2) | ||
| Charlson comorbidity score, mean (SD) | 0.29 (0.95) | 0.41 (1.15) | <.001 | 0.27 (0.91) | 0.31 (0.98) | <.001 |
| Weekly alcohol use ‖ | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Abstinent | 45,468 (66.2) | 1,949,582 (69.0) | 22,069 (68.1) | 23,399 (64.5) | ||
| Moderate alcohol use** | 19,189 (27.9) | 764,294 (27.0) | 8,275 (25.6) | 10,914 (30.1) | ||
| Hazardous alcohol use†† | 4,029 (5.9) | 112,344 (4.0) | 2,046 (6.3) | 1,983 (5.5) | ||
PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; SUD, substance use disorder; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision; SD, standard deviation.
↵* Data were restricted to the first PHQ-9 administration within 30 days following the first Alcohol Drinking as a Vital Sign primary care visit within the study period.
↵† Among patients who were administered the PHQ-9 (n = 68,686).
↵‡ Race/ethnicity data were self-reported by patients during their intake evaluation.
↵§ Any ICD-9 visit diagnosis code within 1 year prior to the first Alcohol Drinking as a Vital Sign primary care visit that adhered to the following criteria was considered a positive diagnosis: any mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorder (290.XX, 293.XX, 294.XX-302.9, or 306.XX-319), excluding depressive disorders (296.2X, 296.3X, 296.82, 298.0, 300.4, 301.12, 309.0, 309.1, 309.28, or 311), alcohol-related mental disorders (291.XX, 305.0X, or 303.0X), drug-induced mental disorders (292.XX), and nontobacco drug abuse or dependence (305.2X, 305.3X, 305.4X, 305.5X, 306.6X, 305.7X, 305.8X, 305.9X, or 304.XX), where “X” represents any positive integer.
↵‖ Patients were asked to estimate alcohol use within the past 90 days.
↵** 1 to 7 drinks/week for all woman and men ages >65 years and 1 to 14 drinks/week for men ≤65 years.
↵†† ≥8 drinks/week for all woman and men ages >65 years and ≥15 drinks/week for men ≤65 years.