Table 3.

Secondary Outcomes

OutcomesBefore Intervention (n = 45)After Intervention (n = 45)P Value
Patients concurrently taking high-risk medications
    Benzodiazepines21 (47)14 (31).008
    Hypnotics10 (22)7 (16).083
    Muscle relaxants8 (18)10 (22).157
Nonopioid analgesics prescribed, mean (SD)2.1 (1.3)2.4 (1.4).002
Opioid analgesics prescribed, mean (SD)1.6 (0.6)1.5 (0.7).219
Offered outpatient naloxone prescription6 (13)22 (49).009
Current urine drug screen*15 (33)27 (60)<.001
Current review of the state's PDMP†12 (27)26 (58)<.001
Referral to pain specialist17 (38)21 (47).046
Referral to physical therapy33 (73)34 (76).317
Patients prescribed a bowel regimen6 (13)22 (49)<.001

  • Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.

  • ↵* “Current” is defined as completed within the preceding 12 months.

  • ↵† “Current” is defined as completed and documented within the preceding 3 months.

  • PDMP, prescription drug monitoring program; SD, standard deviation.