Patient Demographics
| Characteristics | Patients (n = 45) |
|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 57 (13) |
| Female sex | 22 (49) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 40 (89) |
| Hispanic | 3 (7) |
| Other | 4 (9) |
| Native American | 1 (2) |
| Pain indication* | |
| Unspecified joint pain | 30 (67) |
| Neuropathy | 17 (38) |
| Unspecified back pain | 15 (33) |
| Unspecified muscle pain | 11 (24) |
| Unspecified pain | 11 (24) |
| Osteoarthritis | 10 (22) |
| Spinal disease or pain | 9 (20) |
| Unspecified neck pain | 7 (16) |
| Fibromyalgia | 3 (7) |
| Migraine | 2 (4) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2 (4) |
| Other | 8 (18) |
| Comorbidities* | |
| Tobacco use | 28 (62) |
| Anxiety | 27 (60) |
| Depression | 25 (56) |
| Insomnia | 20 (44) |
| Alcohol use | 18 (42) |
| Migraines | 9 (20) |
| History of illicit drug use | 5 (11) |
| Bipolar | 3 (7) |
| Other psychiatric condition | 2 (4) |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
↵* Characteristics are not mutually exclusive. Patients may have multiple documented indications and comorbidities.
SD, standard deviation.