Author | Sample* | Demographics† | Control‡ | Provider and PCP's role in PST (if applicable) | PST/PST-PC Dosage | Diagnostic or Symptom Severity Criteria | Depression and/or Outcome Measures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrett et al. (2001) | T = 80 C1 = 80 C2 = 81§ | 44.1 year old (SD NR), | MED Placebo | Ph.D-level psychologists. PCP no involvement | 6 PST-PC sessions, lasting about 1 hour for the first visit and 30 minutes for subsequent visits. | DSM-III-R, HDRS, PRIME-MD | HSCL-D-20 HDRS |
36.1% male, | |||||||
90% white. | |||||||
Chibanda et al. (2014) | T = 30 C = 28 | 24.5 years old (SD = 4.9) | MED | Trained Peer Counselor. PCP no involvement | 12 sessions (60 mins per session) group PST session which were modeled after a 7-step management plan for depression published earlier (Abbas et al., 1994) | DSM-IV | EPDS |
% male NR | |||||||
Race NR | |||||||
Katon et al. (2004) | T = 164 C = 165 | 58.3 years old (SD = 12), | TAU | Registered nurses in collaboration with the PCP | Medication OR PST-PC, there is a stepped-care algorithm¶ | PHQ-9 Did not require diagnostic criteria | SCL-90 depression |
35% male, | |||||||
75.4% white. | |||||||
Lam et al. (2009) | T = 149 C = 150 | 71.8 years old (SD = 7.0) | AC‖ | Primary care physicians | 3 sessions of modified PST-PC (Mynors-Wallis et al., 2000), first session 30 to 45 minutes. session 2 & 3 20 to 30 minutes. | HADS score | HADS (AS), HADS (DS) |
43.14% male, | SF-36 mental | ||||||
Race NR | |||||||
Lynch et al. (2004) | T = 9 C1 = 9 C2 = 13 | 38.5 years old (SD = 13.7), | AC** TAU | Registered nurses. PCP referral, no other involvement | 6 sessions of telephone-based PST (adopted Nezu, Nezu, & Perri, 1989) | PRIME-MD HRSD | PRIME-MD, HRSD BDI, DHP-D-A |
17% male | |||||||
Race NR | |||||||
McCusker et al. (2008). | T = 36 C = 32 | 73.3 years old (SD = 8.6), | TAU | Depression care practitioner supervised by (and in collaboration with) PCP | 4 sessions PST intervention (60- minute first session, 30 mins for the rest) developed based on IMPACT | PHQ-2 | SCL-20, SF-12 SCID |
33.8% male | |||||||
Race NR | |||||||
Mynors-Wallis et al. (2000) | T1 = 80 T2 = 35 C = 36 | 35 years old (SD = NR), | MED | General practitioner | 6 sessions PST-PC, with first session 1 hr, others 30 minutes | RDC | HDRS |
23% male, | Nurse and General Practitioner (PCP) | HDRS score | BDI-I | ||||
95% white | |||||||
Oxman et al. (2008) | T = 72 C = 69 | 55.2 years old (SD = 16), | TAU | Masters level counselor. PCP referral, no other involvement | 6 sessions PST-PC, with first session 1 hr, others 30 minutes | DSM-IV, HAM-D, | HAM-D, MADRS HSCL-D-20 |
41.8% male, | PRIME-MD | ||||||
96.5% white | |||||||
Reynolds et al. (2014) | T = 125 C = 122 | 36.5 years old (SD = 10.9) | TAU | Social workers and mental health nurses | 6 to 8 sessions PST-PC, with first session 1 hr, the rest 30 minutes | CES-D, DSM-IV; | SCID/DSM-IV; |
28.7% male | PCP referral, no other involvement | MMSS | BDI, SF-12 | ||||
62.3% white | CIRSG, BSI - Anxiety | ||||||
Schmaling et al. (2002) | T = 31†† C1 = 31 C2 = 30 | 42.8 years old (SD = 10.7) | MED Placebo | Trained therapists with no further specification | 6 sessions PST-PC, with first session 1 hr, others 30 minutes | DSM-III-TR PRIME-MD, HRSC | HAM-D (17-item) HSCL-D (20-item) |
39.1% male | PCP referral, no other involvement | ||||||
88.0% white | |||||||
Williams et al. (2000) | T = 138 C1 = 137 C2 = 140 | 71 years old (SD = 7.0), | MED Placebo | PhD Psychologists, Social workers, and Psychology Counselors | 6 sessions PST-PC, with first session 1 hr, others 30 minutes | DSM-III-R, HDRS DSM-IV, PRIME-MD | HSCL-D-20 HDRS |
58.5% male, | |||||||
78.2% white | PCP no involvement |
↵* Sample size: T, treatment; T2, treatment 2 if applicable; C, control.
↵† Demographic: NR, not reported.
↵‡ Control: TAU, treatment as usual, W/NT, waitlist or no treatment; MED, medication; Placebo, placebo medication.
↵§ C1, medication paroxetine; C2, Placebo.
↵¶ Participants in the treatment group (68.7% ) received PST. Therefore, the authors believed the effect of intervention can be attributed to PST. Because sensitivity analysis that excluded this study did not alter the overall treatment effect, we included and presented this study in final analysis.
↵‖ AC, active control (health education video).
↵** Active control (stress management).
↵†† Specific breakdown of the numbers was not reported in article, thus assigned arbitrarily.
BSI, Brief Symptoms Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiology Scale–Depression; DCS = depression care specialist; DFD; depression-free days; DHP-D-A, Duke Health Profile-Depression–Anxiety; EPDS, 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HRSD, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HSCL-D-20, Hopkins Depression self-report scale; MADRS, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MED, Medication Management; PCP, Primary Care Physician; PHQ-2, Patient Health Questionnaire, 2-item; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire, 9-item; PRIME-MD, Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders; RDC, Research Diagnostic Criteria; SCL-20, Hopkins depression symptom checklist; SCL-90 depression, Hopkins Symptom Checklist—90 depression questions; SCID/DSM-IV, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II); SF-12, SF-36 Health Survey 12-item version; TAU, Treatment as Usual; CIRSG, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics.
Abbas M, Broadhead JC, Mbape P, Khumalo-Sakatukwa G. Defeating depression in the developing word: A Zimbabwean model. Br J Psychiatry 164(3):293–296.
Mynors-Wallis LM, Gath DH, Day A, Baker F. Randomised controlled trial of problem solving treatment, antidepressant medication, and combined treatment for major depression in primary care. BMJ 320:26–30.
Nezu A, Nezu C, Perri M. Problem-solving therapy for depression. New York: Wiley; 1989.