Socio-Demographic and Health Characteristics of SMARTSteps Participants by Reported Use of Complementary Health Approaches (CHA) N = 278
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | CHA Use Reported, n, % (N = 143)§ | No CHA Use Reported, n, % (N = 135) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (SD) | 55.4 (9.3) | 55.9 (7.5) | .90 |
| Women | 77.6% | 70.4% | .17 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Latino | 29.4% | 15.6% | .01 |
| Black/African-American | 11.2% | 5.9% | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 51.0% | 69.6% | |
| White/Caucasian | 7.0% | 6.7% | |
| Multi-ethnic/other | 1.4% | 2.2% | |
| Born outside the United States | 80.2% | 91.3% | .01 |
| Language | |||
| Cantonese speaking | 42.0% | 63.7% | .001 |
| Spanish speaking | 24.5% | 14.1% | |
| English peaking | 33.6% | 22.2% | |
| Educational attainment | |||
| Some high school or less | 48.4% | 57.1% | .09 |
| High school graduate or GED | 20.6% | 23.0% | |
| Some college, college graduate, or above | 31.0% | 19.8% | |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed full time | 24.6% | 18.3% | .80 |
| Part time | 46.8% | 49.2% | |
| Unemployed | 10.3% | 11.1% | |
| Disabled | 7.1% | 8.7% | |
| Homemaker/Retired/Other | 11.1% | 12.7% | |
| Annual household income <$20,000 | 65.3% | 61.3% | .55 |
| Insurance type | |||
| Medicaid/MediCal | 18.2% | 23.1% | .48 |
| Medicare | 7.0% | 3.7% | |
| Healthy worker/healthy SF | 74.1% | 71.6% | |
| Other | 0.7% | 1.5% | |
| Limited health literacy | 34.9% | 51.2% | .009 |
| Diabetes-related clinical, medication | |||
| Adherence and functional health indicators* | |||
| Years with diabetes, mean (SD) | 7.2 (6.1) | 6.8 (5.2) | .99 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) > 8.0% | 33.8% | 16.2% | .01 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (A1C), mean (SD) | 7.91 (1.7) | 7.41 (1.3) | .06 |
| Low density lipoprotein (LDL), mg/dL, mean (SD) | 100.9 (35.2) | 84.7 (28.8) | .02 |
| Non-adherence-oral diabetes medication† | 39.5% | 24.2% | .03 |
| Non-adherence-cardiometabolic medication† | 39.6% | 22.5% | .01 |
| Food insecurity‡ | 9.5% | 5.6% | .04 |
| SF-12 physical component, mean (SD) | 44.9 (9.8) | 47.9 (8.8) | .009 |
| SF-12 mental component, mean (SD) | 47.8 (11.6) | 52.2 (9.9) | .002 |
| Bed days in last month, mean (SD) | 1.9 (5.2) | 0.7 (3.4) | <.000 |
| Insulin use | 19.6% | 15.6% | .38 |
↵* , Sample size: for A1C, n = 148; for LDL, n = 89.
↵† Non-adherence was measured using the continuous medication gap and a 15-day to 6-monthnth gap in refilling specific prescriptions.
↵‡ Replied “often” or “sometimes” to having put off paying for diabetes medicine so would have money for food in last 12 months.
↵§ With spirituality, prayer, religion excluded, n = 133 CHA users.