Table 2.

Physician Self-Report of Factors That Influence Opioid Prescribing for Acute Pain in the United States and Japan

Agree/Strongly Agree, n (%)OR* (95% CI)P Value†
Medically indicated
    Japan130 (52.6)1.00 (ref)—
    United States168 (86.6)5.33 (3.15–9.05)<.001
Standard of care1.00 (ref)
    Japan66 (27.3)4.57 (2.91–7.17)—
    United States128 (66.0)<.001
Patient expectation
    Japan121 (49.2)1.00 (ref)—
    United States89 (45.9)0.94 (0.62–1.44).790
Maintaining patient satisfaction
    Japan119 (48.4)1.00 (ref)—
    United States98 (50.8)1.22 (0.80–1.87).360
Legal expectation
    Japan16 (6.6)1.00 (ref)—
    United States29 (15.1)2.47 (1.22–5.04).012

  • ↵* Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated from logistic regression models that adjusted for sex (female, male) and age category (<40, 41–50, 51–60, >60 years).

  • ↵† P values for adjusted odds ratios.

  • CI, confidence interval; ref, reference category.