Table 1.

Baseline Sample Characteristics (N = 868)

Baseline Variables
Demographic
    Age (years), mean (SD)47.76 (10.89)
    Female sex264 (30.4)
    White386 (44.5)
    African American320 (36.9)
    Other race*162 (18.7)
    Hispanic ethnicity (any race)72 (8.3)
    High school graduate701 (80.9)
    Married or cohabitating154 (17.8)
Employment and social
    Unemployed655 (75.7)
    Receiving welfare606 (69.9)
    Waiting legal charges54 (6.3)
    Jail in the past 90 days51 (5.9)
    Homeless in the past 90 days263 (30.4)
Psychiatric symptoms
    Depression548 (63.1)
    Anxiety559 (64.4)
    Hallucinations80 (9.2)
    Concentration426 (49.1)
    Violent behavior134 (15.4)
Suicidality
    Suicidal ideation in the past 30 days104 (12.0)
    Suicide attempt during lifetime345 (39.8)
Substance use in the past 30 days
    Any alcohol598 (68.9)
    Daily alcohol67 (7.7)
    Any opiate228 (26.3)
    Daily opiate11 (1.3)
    Any sedative72 (8.3)
    Daily sedative39 (4.6)
    Any stimulant362 (41.7)
    Daily stimulant24 (2.8)
    Any marijuana656 (75.6)
    Daily marijuana145 (16.7)
    Any nicotine620 (71.6)
    Daily nicotine454 (52.4)
    Any injection drug use39 (4.5)
    Addiction Severity Index, mean (SD)0.15 (0.20)
        Alcohol score
        Drug score0.13 (0.11)
    Days using alcohol or drugs (of the past 30), mean (SD)15.39 (11.45)
Medical and psychiatric treatment in the past 90 days
    Substance use treatment61 (7.1)
    12-Step participation146 (16.8)
    Emergency department386 (44.5)
    Medical visit701 (81.1)
    Psychiatric outpatient227 (26.2)
Health-related quality of life
    Mobility impairment481 (55.5)
    Self-care impairment138 (15.9)
    Usual activity impairment404 (46.7)
    Pain677 (78.2)
    Anxiety or depression456 (52.7)
    Visual-Analogue Health Scale score, mean (SD)61 (22.8)
  • Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.

  • * “Other race” included 93 participants (10.7% of sample) who were multiracial, 28 (3.2%) who were American Indian or Alaska Native, 10 (1.2%) who were Asian, 6 (0.7%) who were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 25 (2.9%) with unknown or other race.

  • SD, standard deviation.