TY - JOUR T1 - Psychological Distress, Substance Use, and Adjustment among Parents Living with HIV JF - The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice JO - J Am Board Fam Med SP - 362 LP - 373 DO - 10.3122/jabfm.18.5.362 VL - 18 IS - 5 AU - Risë B. Goldstein AU - Mallory O. Johnson AU - Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus AU - Sheri B. Kirshenbaum AU - Rogério M. Pinto AU - Lauren Kittel AU - Willo Pequegnat AU - Joanne D. Mickalian AU - Lance S. Weinhardt AU - Jeffrey A. Kelly AU - Marguerita Lightfoot A2 - , Y1 - 2005/09/01 UR - http://www.jabfm.org/content/18/5/362.abstract N2 - Background: Being a parent, especially a custodial parent, living with HIV was anticipated to increase psychological distress and challenges to self-care.Methods: Mental health symptoms, substance use, and health care utilization were assessed among 3818 HIV-infected adults, including custodial parents, noncustodial parents, and nonparents, in 4 AIDS epicenters.Results: Custodial parents demonstrated significantly poorer medication adherence and attendance at medical appointments but were similar to nonparents and noncustodial parents in mental health symptoms and treatment utilization for mental health and substance use problems. Noncustodial parents demonstrated the highest levels of recent substance use and substance abuse treatment. Other markers of risk, such as African American ethnicity, lack of current employment income, and injection drug use moderated many of the apparent psychosocial disadvantages exhibited by parents.Conclusions: Interventions specific to the psychosocial stressors facing families living with HIV are needed. ER -