RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Toxic shock syndrome: broadening the differential diagnosis. JF The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice JO J Am Board Fam Med FD American Board of Family Medicine SP 131 OP 136 VO 14 IS 2 A1 C M Herzer YR 2001 UL http://www.jabfm.org/content/14/2/131.abstract AB BACKGROUND Toxic shock syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal toxin-mediated febrile illness. Although classically associated with tampon use, it is now known that many nonmenstrual conditions are related to this syndrome. Serious morbidity and mortality can occur if this syndrome is not promptly recognized.METHODS MEDLINE was searched from 1978 to the present using the phrase "toxic shock syndrome." Case reports and articles related to tampon-associated toxic shock syndrome were excluded from the literature review except when defining toxic shock syndrome or discussing the cause of the syndrome. A case of nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome associated with an intrauterine device and a review of the definition, cause, diagnostic criteria, and management are reported.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Toxic shock syndrome can mimic many common diseases. Because it can be associated with a number of nonmenstrual-related conditions, patients with unexplained fever and rash and a toxic condition out of proportion to local findings should have the diagnosis of toxic shock syndrome in their differential diagnosis. Early recognition and aggressive management can decrease the overall morbidity and mortality.