PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Cohen, Deborah J.
AU  - Sweeney, Shannon M.
AU  - Springer, Rachel
AU  - Balasubramanian, Bijal A.
AU  - Michaels, LeAnn
AU  - Marino, Miguel
AU  - Hessler, Danielle
AU  - Baron, Andrea
AU  - Nesse, Johanna
TI  - Intervention to Improve Psychosocial Care for People with Type 2 Diabetes
AID  - 10.3122/jabfm.2024.240265R1
DP  - 2025 Mar 01
TA  - The Journal of the American Board of Family
                Medicine
PG  - 253--274
VI  - 38
IP  - 2
4099  - http://www.jabfm.org/content/38/2/253.short
4100  - http://www.jabfm.org/content/38/2/253.full
SO  - J Am Board Fam Med2025 Mar 01; 38
AB  - Background: This proof-of-concept study tested the feasibility and acceptability of INTEGRATE-D, an implementation support intervention for primary care clinics to improve the psychosocial care of patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods: Cluster randomized controlled pragmatic trial, with a parallel, convergent mixed methods design. Two Intervention Clinics (ICs) were offered tailored training on American Diabetes Association (ADA)-recommended psychosocial care and facilitation to identify and support clinical change. Two Control Clinics (CCs) received no intervention. Primary outcomes: intervention acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility. Secondary outcomes: process-of-care metrics (eg, depression screening, diabetes management) and clinical outcomes measures (PHQ-9 and A1C). Qualitative data were collected to assess implementation and experience with the intervention.Results: ICs were offered training and received 15-months of facilitation. To accommodate COVID-19-related safety restrictions, the intervention was changed to be delivered virtually (eg, remote facilitation and training sessions). Despite an adapted delivery and COVID-19 and staffing stressors, clinics exposed to INTEGRATE-D found it to be acceptable, well-aligned with clinics’ needs, and feasible. Qualitative data suggest COVID-19 stressors tempered feasibility. The effect of INTEGRATE-D on process and clinical outcome measures were mixed. Several factors, including differences in ICs and CCs not addressed in randomization and delivery of a less intensive intervention due to the pandemic, may help explain these results.Conclusions: Given the growing number of people with type 2 diabetes and the importance of psychosocial care for these patients, INTEGRATE-D warrants further pilot-testing with a larger sample of clinics and patients, and under conditions where in-person facilitation and expanded training is possible.