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Research ArticleResearch Letter

Long COVID and Days of Work Missed Due to Illness or Injury by Adults in the United States, 2022

Rachel Liu-Galvin, Frank A. Orlando, Tamkeen Khan, Gregory D. Wozniak and Arch G. Mainous
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine August 2025, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2024.240367R1
Rachel Liu-Galvin
From the Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (RLG, AGM); Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (FAO, AGM); American Medical Association, Chicago, IL (TK, GDW).
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Frank A. Orlando
From the Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (RLG, AGM); Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (FAO, AGM); American Medical Association, Chicago, IL (TK, GDW).
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Tamkeen Khan
From the Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (RLG, AGM); Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (FAO, AGM); American Medical Association, Chicago, IL (TK, GDW).
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Gregory D. Wozniak
From the Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (RLG, AGM); Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (FAO, AGM); American Medical Association, Chicago, IL (TK, GDW).
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Arch G. Mainous III
From the Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (RLG, AGM); Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (FAO, AGM); American Medical Association, Chicago, IL (TK, GDW).
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References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Davis HE,
    2. McCorkell L,
    3. Vogel JM,
    4. Topol EJ
    . Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023;21:133–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    1. Ford ND,
    2. Slaughter D,
    3. Edwards D,
    4. et al
    . Long COVID and significant activity limitation among adults, by age — United States, June 1–13, 2022, to June 7–19, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:866–70.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Cutler DM
    . The costs of long COVID. JAMA Health Forum 2022;3:e221809.
    OpenUrl
  4. 4.↵
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Long COVID Basics. Updated July 11, 2024. Accessed December 5, 2024. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/covid/long-term-effects/index.html.
  5. 5.↵
    1. Goldowitz I,
    2. Worku T,
    3. Brown L,
    4. Fineberg HV
    National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Global Health; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Committee on Examining the Working Definition for Long COVID, Goldowitz I, Worku T, Brown L, Fineberg HV, eds. A Long COVID Definition: A Chronic, Systemic Disease State with Profound Consequences. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); July 9, 2024.
  6. 6.↵
    1. Russell CD,
    2. Lone NI,
    3. Baillie JK
    . Comorbidities, multimorbidity and COVID-19. Nat Med 2023;29:334–43.
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  7. 7.↵
    1. Fitero A,
    2. Bungau SG,
    3. Tit DM,
    4. et al
    . Comorbidities, associated diseases, and risk assessment in COVID-19 – a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract 2022;2022:1571826. Published 2022 Oct 31.
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  8. 8.↵
    1. Fang Z,
    2. Ahrnsbrak R,
    3. Rekito A
    . Evidence mounts that about 7% of US adults have had long COVID. JAMA 2024;332:5–6.
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  9. 9.↵
    1. Mainous AG 3rd.,
    2. Rooks BJ,
    3. Wu V,
    4. Orlando FA
    . COVID-19 post-acute sequelae among adults: 12 month mortality risk. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:778434.
    OpenUrlPubMed
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The Journal of the American Board of Family   Medicine: 38 (6)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 38, Issue 6
November-December 2025
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Long COVID and Days of Work Missed Due to Illness or Injury by Adults in the United States, 2022
Rachel Liu-Galvin, Frank A. Orlando, Tamkeen Khan, Gregory D. Wozniak, Arch G. Mainous
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Aug 2025, DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2024.240367R1

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Long COVID and Days of Work Missed Due to Illness or Injury by Adults in the United States, 2022
Rachel Liu-Galvin, Frank A. Orlando, Tamkeen Khan, Gregory D. Wozniak, Arch G. Mainous
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Aug 2025, DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2024.240367R1
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