Prenatal Care Coordination and Well-Child Visit Receipt in Early Childhood

*PNCC service frequency was only measured among those with PNCC service uptake beyond the care planning stage.

Abbreviation: PNCC, Prenatal Care Coordination.

Notes: All percents are column percents unless otherwise specified. In accordance with data use agreements, we suppressed cells with small sample sizes.

*Measuring well-child visit receipt beyond the first year of life requires longer durations of continuous Medicaid enrollment post-birth. As such, our sample size (and the denominator for percentages) decreases as we measure later outcomes.

• WCVs measured at age 1 to <2 years: 31,224 children (88.3% of sibling sample)

• WCVs measured at age 2 to <3 years: 28,780 children (81.4% of sibling sample)

• WCVs measured at age 3 to <4 years: 26,453 children (74.8% of sibling sample)

Notes: All conventional logistic regressions clustered standard errors at the mother-level. Conventional logistic regressions sample from all children, and sibling fixed effects regressions sample only from children with in-sample siblings.

*Adjusted regressions included the following control variables: maternal characteristics at delivery (age; race/ethnicity; nativity; education; marital status; residence county urbanicity; chronic hypertension; chronic diabetes) and parity.

^†Adjusted regressions included the following control variables: maternal characteristics at delivery (age; education; marital status; residence county urbanicity; chronic hypertension; chronic diabetes) and parity.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PNCC, Prenatal Care Coordination.

Notes: All conventional logistic regressions clustered standard errors at the mother-level. Conventional logistic regressions sample from all children, and sibling fixed effects regressions sample only from children with in-sample siblings. The American Academy of Pediatrics provides the recommended number of annual well-child visits, which decreases with age: 6 visits at age 0 to <1 year; 3 visits at age 1 to <2 years; 2 visits at age 2 to <3 years; and 1 visit annually from age 3 to 21 years. Thus, the threshold for meeting the recommended WCV receipt decreases with age, and having any WCV receipt at age 3 to <4 years is equivalent to having the recommended receipt of WCVs.

↵*Adjusted regressions included the following control variables: maternal characteristics at delivery (age; race/ethnicity; nativity; education; marital status; residence county urbanicity; chronic hypertension; chronic diabetes) and parity.

^†Adjusted regressions included the following control variables: maternal characteristics at delivery (age; education; marital status; residence county urbanicity; chronic hypertension; chronic diabetes) and parity.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PNCC, Prenatal Care Coordination; WCV, well-child visit.

Notes: Maternal PNCC receipt is measured during pregnancy. All conventional logistic regressions cluster standard errors at the mother-level and adjust for the following control variables: maternal characteristics at delivery (age; race/ethnicity; nativity; education; marital status; residence county urbanicity; chronic hypertension; chronic diabetes) and parity. All sibling fixed effects regressions adjust for the following control variables: maternal characteristics at delivery (age; education; marital status; residence county urbanicity; chronic hypertension; chronic diabetes) and parity. The American Academy of Pediatrics provides the recommended number of annual well-child visits, which decreases with age: 6 visits at age 0 to <1 year; 3 visits at age 1 to <2 years; 2 visits at age 2 to <3 years; and 1 visit annually from age 3 to 21 years. Thus, the threshold for meeting the recommended WCV receipt decreases with age, and having any WCV receipt at age 3 to <4 years is equivalent to having the recommended receipt of WCVs.

*Congenital anomalies as reported on the birth record include anencephaly, meningomyelocele/spina bifida, cyanotic congenital heart disease, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, limb reduction defect, cleft lip, cleft palate, down syndrome, suspected chromosomal disorder, and hypospadias.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio; PNCC, Prenatal Care Coordination; WCV, well-child visit.

Notes: All regressions included the following control variables: maternal characteristics at delivery (age; education; marital status; residence county urbanicity; chronic hypertension; chronic diabetes) and parity. The American Academy of Pediatrics provides the recommended number of annual well-child visits, which decreases with age: 6 visits at age 0 to <1 year; 3 visits at age 1 to <2 years; 2 visits at age 2 to <3 years; and 1 visit annually from age 3 to 21 years. Thus, the threshold for meeting the recommended WCV receipt decreases with age, and having any WCV receipt at age 3 to <4 years is equivalent to having the recommended receipt of WCVs.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PNCC, Prenatal Care Coordination; WCV, well-child visit.

Abbreviations: Col., column; PNCC, Prenatal Care Coordination; WCV, well-child visit.