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Brief ReportBrief Report

Virtual Diabetes “Boot Camp”: An Innovative Model for Improving Glycemic Control

Yi-Ju Chen, Renu Joshi, Anas Atrash, Safi Khattab and Salim M. Saiyed
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine August 2025, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2024.240216R1
Yi-Ju Chen
From the Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (YJC, AA); Department of Family Medicine, Telehealth UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (SMS, SK); Department of Endocrinology, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA, USA (RJ).
MD
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Renu Joshi
From the Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (YJC, AA); Department of Family Medicine, Telehealth UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (SMS, SK); Department of Endocrinology, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA, USA (RJ).
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Anas Atrash
From the Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (YJC, AA); Department of Family Medicine, Telehealth UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (SMS, SK); Department of Endocrinology, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA, USA (RJ).
MD
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Safi Khattab
From the Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (YJC, AA); Department of Family Medicine, Telehealth UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (SMS, SK); Department of Endocrinology, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA, USA (RJ).
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Salim M. Saiyed
From the Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (YJC, AA); Department of Family Medicine, Telehealth UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA (SMS, SK); Department of Endocrinology, UPMC Central Pa., Harrisburg, PA, USA (RJ).
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Article Figures & Data

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    Table 1.

    Subgroup Analysis of the Changes of A1C, BMI, and MAP

    Change in A1C (SD)P-valueChange in BMI (SD)P-valueChange in MAP (SD)P-value
    All (n = 134)−2.09 (2.4)<0.0001−0.12 (2.1)0.5172−2.42 (14.5)0.0644
    Patient age0.70700.04910.4860
     18–40 (n = 18)−2.29 (1.9)<0.00011.09 (2)0.04181.58 (16.6)0.7179
     40–60 (n = 63)−2.21 (2.5)<0.0001−0.30 (2.3)0.3200−2.42 (13.4)0.1698
     60 and older (n = 53)−1.89 (2.3)<0.0001−0.29 (1.8)0.2597−3.56 (15.3)0.0983
    Gender0.35430.04910.4542
     Male (n = 56)−2.32 (2.2)<0.0001−0.35 (2.1)0.2137−1.33 (16)0.5379
     Female (n = 78)−1.93 (2.5)<0.00010.05 (2.1)0.8330−3.29 (13.3)0.0420
    Ethnicity0.67850.56560.6987
     White or Caucasian (n = 104)−2.11 (2.3)<0.0001−0.23 (2)0.2697−2.04 (14.2)0.1536
     Black or African American (n = 25)−1.86 (2.4)0.00060.21 (2.5)0.6854−3.10 (15.8)0.3678
     Others (n = 5)−2.86 (3.0)0.09960.42 (1.9)0.6434−8.08 (19.2)0.4622
    Obesity0.56810.71780.1026
     Normal and overweight (BMI 18.5–<30) (n = 41)−1.79 (2.5)<0.00010.0 (1.8)0.88041.03 (15.1)0.6742
     Obesity (BMI 30–<40) (n = 50)−2.31 (2.1)<0.0001−0.1 (1.9)0.7715−2.31 (13.6)0.2444
     Morbid obesity (BMI ≥40) (n = 43)−2.13 (2.5)<0.0001−0.4 (2.6)0.4158−5.98 (14.6)0.0143
    Referred clinic type0.87080.00730.5815
     Endocrinology (n = 73)−2.06 (2.4)<0.00010.33 (2.2)0.2053−3.06 (15.3)0.1000
     Primary care (n = 94)−2.13 (2.3)<0.0001−0.67 (1.9)0.0106−1.61 (13.5)0.3763
    Number of total visit0.07490.99810.1910
     1 to 5 visits (incomplete boot camp) (n = 40)−1.54 (2.3)0.0001−0.12 (1.9)0.68990.17 (14.2)0.9426
     ≥6 visits (completed boot camp) (n = 94)−2.33 (2.4)<0.0001−0.12 (2.2)0.6059−3.60 (14.6)0.0260
    • Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; A1C, glycosylated hemoglobin level; BMI, body mass index; MAP, mean arterial pressure.

    • View popup
    Table 2.

    The Factors Associated with the Changes of A1C, BMI, and MAP

    Change in A1CChange in BMIChange in MAP
    Parameter EstimateP-valueParameter EstimateP-valueParameter EstimateP-value
    Patient age0.01180.4311−0.02560.0651−0.10950.2576
    Initial A1C−0.7709<0.00010.14670.13371.02210.1392
    Initial BMI−0.00340.8554−0.01080.5403−0.18040.1433
    Number of total visits−0.07400.13550.04240.3555−0.19430.5389
    • Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; A1C, glycosylated hemoglobin level; BMI, body mass index; MAP, mean arterial pressure.

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The Journal of the American Board of Family     Medicine: 39 (1)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 39, Issue 1
1 Jul 2026
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Virtual Diabetes “Boot Camp”: An Innovative Model for Improving Glycemic Control
Yi-Ju Chen, Renu Joshi, Anas Atrash, Safi Khattab, Salim M. Saiyed
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Aug 2025, DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2024.240216R1

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Virtual Diabetes “Boot Camp”: An Innovative Model for Improving Glycemic Control
Yi-Ju Chen, Renu Joshi, Anas Atrash, Safi Khattab, Salim M. Saiyed
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Aug 2025, DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2024.240216R1
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