EditorialOriginal Research

Behavioral Health in Independently Owned Family Medicine Practices

Brooke Ike, Brennan Keiser, Ajla Pleho, Kris Pui Kwan Ma, Annie Koempel, Madeline Byrd, Andrew Bazemore and Sebastian Tong
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine January 2026, 39 (1) 155355; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2025.250109R1

References

  1. ↵
    1. Schafer K. M.,
    2. Lieberman A.,
    3. Sever A. C.,
    4. Joiner T.
    (2022) Prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms between the pre- and peri-COVID-19 eras: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 298(Pt A):364–372, doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.115. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    1. Archer J.,
    2. Bower P.,
    3. Gilbody S..,
    4. et al.
    (2012) Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD006525, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006525.pub2, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006525.pub2. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. ↵
    1. Gilbody S.,
    2. Bower P.,
    3. Fletcher J.,
    4. Richards D.,
    5. Sutton A.J.
    (2006) Collaborative care for depression: a cumulative meta-analysis and review of longer-term outcomes. Arch Intern Med 166(21):2314–2321, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.21.2314, https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.21.2314. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    1. Alper J.,
    2. Friedman K.,
    3. Graig L.
    1. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Board on Health Care Services; Forum on Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
    (2020) Key Policy Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Care for People with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders: Proceedings of a Workshop, eds Alper J., Friedman K., Graig L. (National Academies Press (US)), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555058/. . 2025-1-15.
  5. ↵
    1. Tong S. T.,
    2. Morgan Z. J.,
    3. Stephens K. A.,
    4. Bazemore A.,
    5. Peterson L. E.
    (2023) Characteristics of family physicians practicing collaboratively with behavioral health professionals. Ann Fam Med 21(2):157–160, doi:10.1370/afm.2947, https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2947. .
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. ↵
    1. Brady K. J. S.,
    2. Durham M. P.,
    3. Francoeur A..,
    4. et al.
    (2021) Barriers and facilitators to integrating behavioral health services and pediatric primary care. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology 9(4):359–371, doi:10.1037/cpp0000356, https://doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000356. .
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  7. ↵
    1. Kroening-Roché J.,
    2. Hall J. D.,
    3. Cameron D. C.,
    4. Rowland R.,
    5. Cohen D. J.
    (2017) Integrating behavioral health under an ACO global budget: barriers and progress in Oregon. Am J Manag Care 23(9):e303–e309. .
    OpenUrlPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Beck A. J.,
    2. Buche J.,
    3. Grazier K.,
    4. King E.,
    5. Maniere E.,
    6. Singer P. M.
    (2017) Primary Care and Behavioral Health Workforce Integration: Barriers and Best Practices (Behavioral Health Workforce Research Center), http://archive.org/details/fa-2-p-3-team-based-care-case-studies-full-report. . 2025-1-15.
  9. ↵
    1. Rittenhouse D. R.,
    2. Bazemore A. W.,
    3. Morgan Z. J.,
    4. Peterson L. E.
    (2021) One-third of family physicians remain in independently owned practice, 2017-2019. J Am Board Fam Med 34(5):1033–1034, doi:10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.210051, https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.210051. .
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. ↵
    1. Rittenhouse D. R.,
    2. Peebles V.,
    3. Mack C.,
    4. Alvarez C.,
    5. Bazemore A.
    (2024) Small independent primary care practices serving socially vulnerable urban populations. The Annals of Family Medicine 22(2):89–94, doi:10.1370/afm.3068, https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.3068. .
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. ↵
    1. Sandelowski M.
    (2000) Whatever happened to qualitative description? Research in Nursing & Health 23(4):334–340, https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-240X(200008)23:4%3C334::AID-NUR9%3E3.0.CO;2-G. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Patton M. Q.
    (2001) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (Sage Publications). .
  13. ↵
    1. Miles M. B.,
    2. Huberman A. M.,
    3. Saldana J.
    (2019) Qualitative Data Analysis, A Methods Sourcebook (Arizona State University). .
  14. ↵
    1. Peterson L. E.,
    2. Fang B.,
    3. Phillips R. L.,
    4. Avant R.,
    5. Puffer J. C.
    (2019) The American Board of Family Medicine's data collection method for tracking their specialty. J Am Board Fam Med 32(1):89–95, doi:10.3122/jabfm.2019.01.180138, https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2019.01.180138. .
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. ↵
    1. Palinkas L. A.,
    2. Horwitz S. M.,
    3. Green C. A.,
    4. Wisdom J. P.,
    5. Duan N.,
    6. Hoagwood K.
    (2015) Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Adm Policy Ment Health 42(5):533–544, doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. ↵
    1. Bernard H. R.
    (1988) Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology (Sage Publications). .
  17. ↵
    1. Gale N.K.,
    2. Heath G.,
    3. Cameron E.,
    4. Rashid S.,
    5. Redwood S.
    (2013) Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol 13:117, doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-117, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-117. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. ↵
    (2022) Dedoose Version 9.0.86, cloud application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data. . http://www.dedoose.com.
  19. ↵
    1. Lincoln Y. S.,
    2. Guba E. G.
    (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry (Sage), 75, doi:10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8. .
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  20. ↵
  21. ↵
    1. Wakida E. K.,
    2. Talib Z. M.,
    3. Akena D..,
    4. et al.
    (2018) Barriers and facilitators to the integration of mental health services into primary health care: a systematic review. Syst Rev 7:211, doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0882-7, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0882-7. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. ↵
    1. Powell B. J.,
    2. Beidas R. S.,
    3. Lewis C. C..,
    4. et al.
    (2017) Methods to improve the selection and tailoring of implementation strategies. J Behav Health Serv Res 44(2):177–194, doi:10.1007/s11414-015-9475-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-015-9475-6. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  23. ↵
    1. Ma K. P. K.,
    2. Mollis B. L.,
    3. Rolfes J..,
    4. et al.
    (2022) Payment strategies for behavioral health integration in hospital-affiliated and non-hospital-affiliated primary care practices. Transl Behav Med 12(8):878–883, doi:10.1093/tbm/ibac053, https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibac053. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    (4 22, 2022) The Comprehensive Healthcare Integration (CHI) Framework. . 2025-1-27. https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/resources/the-comprehensive-healthcare-integration-framework/.
  25. ↵
    1. Basu S.,
    2. Landon B. E.,
    3. Williams J. W.,
    4. Bitton A.,
    5. Song Z.,
    6. Phillips R. S.
    (2017) Behavioral health integration into primary care: a microsimulation of financial implications for practices. J Gen Intern Med 32(12):1330–1341, doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4177-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4177-9. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. ↵
    1. Staff N.
    (1 11, 2024) State Community Health Worker Policies. . 2025-1-27. https://nashp.org/state-tracker/state-community-health-worker-policies/.
  27. ↵
    1. Lewis C. C.,
    2. Boyd M.,
    3. Puspitasari A..,
    4. et al.
    (12 19, 2018) Implementing measurement-based care in behavioral health: a review. JAMA Psychiatry doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3329, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3329. .
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  28. ↵
    1. Sloss E. A.,
    2. Abdul S.,
    3. Aboagyewah M. A..,
    4. et al.
    (2024) Toward alleviating clinician documentation burden: a scoping review of Burden Reduction Efforts. Appl Clin Inform 15(3):446–455, doi:10.1055/s-0044-1787007, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1787007. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. ↵
    1. Lakkis N. A.,
    2. Mahmassani D. M.
    (2015) Screening instruments for depression in primary care: a concise review for clinicians. Postgrad Med 127(1):99–106, doi:10.1080/00325481.2015.992721, https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2015.992721. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. ↵
    1. Dorflinger L. M.,
    2. Fortin A. H.,
    3. Foran-Tuller K. A.
    (2016) Training primary care physicians in cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of the literature. Patient Educ Couns 99(8):1285–1292, doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.02.014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.02.014. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  31. ↵
    1. Bridges A. J.,
    2. Andrews A. R.,
    3. Villalobos B. T.,
    4. Pastrana F. A.,
    5. Cavell T. A.,
    6. Gomez D.
    (2014) Does integrated behavioral health care reduce mental health disparities for Latinos? Initial findings. J Lat Psychol 2(1):37–53, doi:10.1037/lat0000009, https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000009. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. ↵
    1. O'Loughlin K.,
    2. Donovan E.K.,
    3. Radcliff Z.,
    4. Ryan M.,
    5. Rybarczyk B.
    (2019) Using integrated behavioral healthcare to address behavioral health disparities in underserved populations. Translational Issues in Psychological Science 5(4):374–389, doi:10.1037/tps0000213, https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000213. .
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  33. ↵
    1. Auxier A.,
    2. Runyan C.,
    3. Mullin D.,
    4. Mendenhall T.,
    5. Young J.,
    6. Kessler R.
    (2012) Behavioral health referrals and treatment initiation rates in integrated primary care: a Collaborative Care Research Network study. Transl Behav Med 2(3):337–344, doi:10.1007/s13142-012-0141-8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-012-0141-8. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. ↵
    1. Hostutler C.,
    2. Wolf N.,
    3. Snider T.,
    4. Butz C.,
    5. Kemper A.R.,
    6. Butter E.
    (2023) Increasing access to and utilization of behavioral health care through integrated primary care. Pediatrics 152(6):e2023062514, doi:10.1542/peds.2023-062514, https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-062514. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  35. ↵
    1. Maeng D. D.,
    2. Poleshuck E.,
    3. Rosenberg T..,
    4. et al.
    (2022) Primary care behavioral health integration and care utilization: implications for patient outcome and healthcare resource use. J Gen Intern Med 37(11):2691–2697, doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07372-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07372-6. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  36. ↵
    1. Ronaldson A.,
    2. Elton L.,
    3. Jayakumar S.,
    4. Jieman A.,
    5. Halvorsrud K.,
    6. Bhui K.
    (2020) Severe mental illness and health service utilisation for nonpsychiatric medical disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 17(9):e1003284, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003284, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003284. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. ↵
    1. Ramanuj P.,
    2. Ferenchik E.,
    3. Docherty M.,
    4. Spaeth-Rublee B.,
    5. Pincus H. A.
    (2019) Evolving models of integrated behavioral health and primary care. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21(1):4, doi:10.1007/s11920-019-0985-4, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-0985-4. .
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Keywords