Research ArticleOriginal Research

The Association Between Cost-Related Non-Adherence Behaviors and Diabetes Outcomes

Yu-Chyn Chiang, William Ni, Guanghao Zhang, Xu Shi and Minal R. Patel
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine February 2023, 36 (1) 15-24; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2022.220272R2

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Prevalence of diabetes-related and condition-specific cost-related nonadherence.
    Figure 1.

    Prevalence of diabetes-related and condition-specific cost-related nonadherence.

  • Behaviors of diabetes-related and condition specific cost-related nonadherence by comorbid conditions.
    Figure 2.

    Behaviors of diabetes-related and condition specific cost-related nonadherence by comorbid conditions.

  • Associations between HbA1c and cost-related nonadherence by comorbid conditions. Abbreviation: ASCVD, clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
    Figure 3.

    Associations between HbA1c and cost-related nonadherence by comorbid conditions. Abbreviation: ASCVD, clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Tables

  • Table 1.

    Sample Characteristics

    VariablesTotal Sample N (%)Diabetes-Related Cost-Related Non-Adherence N = 350 (58%)No Diabetes-Related Cost-Related Non-Adherence N = 250 (42%)P-Value
    Age, Mean (SD)53 (13)52 (12.6)54 (13.5)0.07
    Gendera0.47
    Female334 (55.5)196 (56)138 (55)
    Male264 (44)152 (43.5)112 (45)
    Other2 (0.5)2 (0.5)0 (0)
    Raceb0.02
    Non-Hispanic White388 (65)208 (60)180 (72)
    Non-Hispanic Black101 (17)69 (19)32 (14)
    Hispanic31 (5)20 (6)11 (4)
    Asian23 (4)17 (5)6 (2)
    Multiple Race42 (7)29 (8)13 (5)
    Other13 (2)6 (2)7 (3)
    Education0.55
    Less than High School9 (2)4 (1)5 (2)
    High School or GED equivalent71 (11)43 (12)28 (11)
    Some College/Associate Degree270 (45)151 (43)119 (48)
    College or Higher250 (42)152 (44)98 (39)
    Employment0.51
    Employed: Full Time203 (34)126 (36)77 (31)
    Employed: Part Time47 (8)29 (8)18 (7)
    Unemployed31 (5)18 (5)13 (5)
    Not in the Workforce318 (53)177 (51)141 (57)
    Income as percent of poverty level0.07
    <100%73 (12)37 (11)36 (14.5)
    100 to 200%95 (16)64 (18)31 (12.5)
    201 to 400%261 (44)157 (46)104 (42)
    >400%164 (28)87 (25)77 (31)
    Health Insurance Coverage (%Yes)589 (98)343 (98)246 (98)0.72
    Type of Insurance0.05
    Private260 (43)169 (47)91 (36)
    Medicare44 (7)26 (7)18 (7)
    Medicaid79 (13)41 (12)38 (15)
    Medicare + Medicaid Supplemental64 (11)36 (10)28 (11)
    Medicare + Private Supplemental140 (23)71 (20)69 (28)
    Other2 (1)0 (0)2 (1)
    No Insurance11 (2)7 (2)4 (2)
    Type of Diabetes0.08
    Type 1130 (22)67 (19)63 (25)
    Type 2470 (78)283 (81)187 (75)
    Hemoglobin A1c, Mean (SD)8.25 (1.57)8.38 (1.59)8.06 (1.53)0.02
    Cost-Related Non-adherence Related to Diabetes (Number of Behaviors)0.01
    0250 (42)250 (100)
    160 (10)60 (17
    265 (11)65 (19)
    332 (5)32 (9)
    >4193 (32)193 (55)
    Current Statin Use (%Yes)401 (68)233 (68)168 (68)0.94

    • ↵a Chi-square test includes male versus females.

    • ↵b Chi-square test includes white, African American, Asian, multiple race.

    • Abbreviations: SD, standard deviations; GED, General educational development diploma.

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