Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Flow Diagram. Abbreviation: RCT, randomized control trial.
Tables
Author Country Sample Size; Sex Type of Substance Use Co-Morbidity Intervention Control Group Follow-up Period Primary Outcome Outcome Measures Overall Risk of Bias Lyons, Thomas et al (2019)15 US n = 189; M Not specified PTSD Yoga plus mindfulness meditation Communication skills session 45 days Anxiety, PTSD symptoms, craving, and mindfulness Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire; Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory; Beck Anxiety Inventory; Penn Alcohol/Drug Craving Scale; PTSD Symptom Checklist Low Uebelacker, L. A. et al (2019)16 US n = 35; M and F Opioid None Yoga (breathing and asana) + TAU (opioid agonist therapy) Health education class + TAU (opioid agonist therapy) 3 months Pain, anxiety, mood SAFTEE, Credibility Expectancy Questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Mood pre- and post-test, Pain Interference Scale Low Bock, Beth C. (2019)17 US n = 227; M and F Tobacco None Iyengar Yoga + smoking cessation class Group Wellness class + smoking cessation class 3 and 6 months Motivation, readiness, and confidence to quit Fagerström Test, Low Wimberly, Alexandra S. et al (2018)18 US n = 73; M and F Alcohol and drugs HIV Yoga plus TAU TAU (see Table 2) 1, 2, and 3 months Percentage of days of drug use and the effect of time on treatment. Perceived stress survey Low Sharma, Neelam et al (2017)19 India n = 30; M Not specified Not specified Group 1: Yoga; Group 2: Recreational Activity No training 10 weeks Criminal propensity Standardized scale of criminal propensity Some concern Sarkar et al (2017)20 India n = 1213; M and F Tobacco Not specified 15 minutes quit smoking talk + yogic breathing training (Kapalbhati, Anulom) 1-minute quick quit smoking advice 1 and 7 months Abstinence 7-day biochemically validated point prevalence abstinence Low Dhawan, Anju et al (2015)21 India n = 84; M Opioid Not specified SKY Opioid substitution therapy 3 and 6 months QOL WHO QOL-BREF instrument;Urine test to assess recent drug use Some concern Reddy, Shivani et al (2014)22 India n = 38; F Alcohol and drugs PTSD Yoga (12 Kripalu-based Hatha yoga sessions) No yoga 1 month Alcohol and substance use risky behavior AUDIT, DUDIT Low AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; DUDIT, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test; F, female; M, male; QOL, quality of life; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SAFTEE, systematic inquiry about emergent clinical events; SKY, Sudarshan Kriya Yoga; TAU, treatment as usual; WHO, World Health Organization; US, United States.
Study Intervention Conclusion Lyons, Thomas et al (2019)15 6 weeks; 1 session/wk; 70 minutes each. Each session began with mindful movement/stretching/chair yoga exercises (5 minutes), a mindfulness meditation exercise and discussion (∼ 40 minutes), and an exercise applying mindfulness to everyday life and high drug relapse risk situations (∼30 minutes).
Control: Texas Christian University's Mapping-Enhanced Counseling Manuals for Adaptive Treatment compiled into a 6-week Communication Skills curriculum.Anxiety, PTSD symptoms, and cravings declined, and mindfulness increased significantly in both treatment arms. After controlling for the Freiburg test, there was significant improvement (P < .05) in the scores for participants in the intervention arm. Uebelacker, L. A. et al (2019)16 Yoga: breathing and asana (no meditation) 1 hour; 12 weeks, 1 class/week
Control: Health education-12 classes on different topicsParticipant mood improved pre-class to post-class, with greater decreases in anxiety and pain for those in the yoga group (P < .05). ITT analysis of high-attenders only (a little over half the sample) showed moderate improvement in pain interference over 3 months in intervention arm if they attended at least half of the 12 intervention sessions. Bock, Beth C. (2019)17 Classes included 5 minutes of pranayama,45 minutes of dynamically linked asanas, and 5 to 10 minutes of resting meditation.
Group Wellness: videos, lectures, and demonstrations on a variety of health topics followed by a discussion guided by the study Wellness counselor or other health care professional; 8 weeks (1 hour, twice/wk)Yoga appears to aid some smokers during quit attempts. A significant dose effect was observed for Yoga (OR, 1.12, 95% CI, 1.09% to 1.26%), but not Wellness, such that each Yoga class attended increased quitting odds at EOT by 12%. Wimberly, Alexandra S. et al (2018)18 12 weeks; 90 minutes session/wk; hatha yoga: breathing, postures, and meditation; TAU* - case management, recreational or GED classes, and free healthcare. At three months, yoga participants reported less stress than participants in treatment as usual (P < .05). Yoga participants reported fewer days of substance use than participants in treatment as usual at one month, two months, and three months (P < .001). Sharma, Neelam et al (2017)19 Physical poses, breathing techniques, chanting, and concentration were selected activities in the yoga training program. (10 weeks, 5 1-hour sessions/wk)
Recreational activity training program: cat and mice, changing seats, singing, drop the handkerchief etc.There exists a significant difference in the selected training program of yoga, recreational activity, and control group for managing criminal propensity of the drug addicts (P < .05). The adjusted mean value of recreational activity group was found to be least 76.67; thus recreational activity group was considered as the most effective treatment group Sarkar et al (2017)20 15 minutes yogic breathing (2): Kapalbhati, Anulom Intention-to-treat analysis showed that participants in the intervention group were aboutfive times more likely to be abstinent at 6 months than those in the control group; absolute abstinence rates were increased by 2%, yielding a number needed to treat of 48 toproduce an additional quitter. Dhawan, Anju et al (2015)21 SKY (sudarshan, pranayama, meditation) 60 minutes weekly in clinic for 6 months and at home for 30 minutes daily.
Opioid substitution therapy: buprenorphine OR buprenorphine + naloxoneOver time within the study group, all four QOL domain scores were significantly higher at 6 months. Urine screening results were negative for study group indicating no drug use at 6 months. Between-group comparison showed significant increase in physical (P < .05), psychological (P < .001), and environment domains (P < .001) for study group while control group showed significant changes in social relationship domain only. Urine screening results were negative for study group indicating no drug use at 6 months. Reddy, Shivani et al (2014)22 12 Kripalu-based Hatha yoga sessions of 75 minutes each, including poses using guidelines for trauma-sensitive yoga Linear mixed models showed significance for null model likelihood ratio tests for AUDIT and DUDIT scores. Change in AUDIT and DUDIT scores over time did not differ significantly by group. The difference in high-risk users between intervention and control groups was not statistically significant (all P > .05). Significant improvement was noted in PTSD symptoms and coping (P < .001). AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; CI, confidence interval; DUDIT, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test; EOT, end of treatment; GED, general education development; ITT, intent-to-treat; OR, odds ratio; QOL, quality of life; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; TAU, treatment as usual.
