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Research ArticleOriginal Research

Risk of New Hospitalization Post-COVID-19 Infection for Non-COVID-19 Conditions

Arch G. Mainous, Benjamin J. Rooks and Frank A. Orlando
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine September 2021, 34 (5) 907-913; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.210170
Arch G. Mainous III
From the Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (AGM, BJR, FAO); Department of Health Services Research Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (AGM).
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Benjamin J. Rooks
From the Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (AGM, BJR, FAO); Department of Health Services Research Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (AGM).
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Frank A. Orlando
From the Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (AGM, BJR, FAO); Department of Health Services Research Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (AGM).
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    Figure 1.

    a. Kaplan-Meier Curve Comparing All Hospitalizations Between COVID-19-Positive and COVID-19-Negative Patients.

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    Figure 1.

    b. Kaplan Meier Curve Comparing Combined Hospitalizations Between Severe COVID-19-Positive and COVID-19-Negative Patients.

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    Table 1.

    Diagnosis Codes for Analyzed Outcomes and Comorbidities

    Outcome conditionsICD-10/ICD-9 Codes
    Cardiovascular Diagnoses
        Heart failureI21
        Myocardial infarctionI50, I11.0, I13.0, I13.2
        StrokeG46, I63, I69
    Respiratory Diagnoses
        PneumoniaJ12, J13, J15, J16, J17, J18, J82, J84
        Acute respiratory distress syndromeJ80, J96
        HypoxemiaR09.02
    Clotting Diagnoses
        Deep vein thrombosis/Venous thromboembolismQ26, I82
        Pulmonary embolismI26, I74, I82, J81.1
    Comorbidities
        HypertensionI10, 401
        Diabetes mellitusE11.0, E11.2, E11.3, E11.5, E11.6, E11.8, E11.9, E11.40, E11.41, E11.43, E11.44, E11.49, 250.00, 250.02, 250.2, 250.3, 250.4, 250.5, 250.6, 250.7, 250.8, 250.9
        COPD/AsthmaJ43, J44, J45, 491.2, 492, 493
    • COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD-10/ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Version and Ninth Version.

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    Table 2.

    Characteristics of the COVID-19-Positive and COVID-19-Negative Patients in the Cohort

    Total (N = 10,646)Severe COVID-19 (N= 114)Mild/Moderate COVID-19 (N = 211)No COVID-19 (N = 10,321)P value*
    n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)
    Any hospitalization1626 (15.3)34 (29.8)18 (8.5)1574 (15.3)<.001
    Combined group of hospitalizations891 (8.4)27 (23.7)14 (6.6)850 (8.2)<.001
    Cardiovascular hospitalizations637 (6.0)21 (18.4)9 (4.3)607 (5.9)<.001
    Respiratory hospitalizations491 (4.6)17 (14.9)7 (3.3)467 (4.5)<.001
    Clotting hospitalizations195 (1.8)8 (7.0)2 (0.9)185 (1.8)<.001
    Male4329 (40.7)47 (41.2)79 (37.4)4203 (40.8).626
    Non-Hispanic White6713 (63.1)46 (40.4)96 (45.5)6571 (63.7)<.001
    Non-Hispanic Black2560 (24.0)55 (48.2)61 (28.9)2444 (23.7)<.001
    Hispanic640 (6.0)7 (6.1)28 (13.3)605 (5.9)<.001
    Age, years
    18-291309 (12.3)10 (8.8)50 (23.7)1249 (12.1)<.001
    30-442119 (19.9)13 (11.4)46 (21.8)2060 (20.0).059
    45-643847 (36.1)29 (25.4)75 (35.5)3743 (36.3).056
    65 and older3371 (31.7)62 (54.4)40 (19.0)3269 (31.7)<.001
    Insurance10,312 (96.9)114 (100.0)194 (91.9)10,004 (96.9)<.001
    Diabetes mellitus2820 (26.5)64 (56.1)45 (21.3)2711 (26.3)<.001
    Hypertension5719 (53.7)89 (78.1)88 (41.7)5542 (53.7)<.001
    COPD3174 (29.8)39 (34.2)36 (17.1)3099 (30.0)<.001
    Overweight2714 (25.5)30 (26.3)61 (28.9)2623 (25.4).504
    Obese3813 (35.8)41 (36.0)88 (41.7)3684 (35.7).197
    • COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019.

    • ↵* Results from χ2 tests.

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    Table 3.

    Risk of Future Hospitalization by COVID-19 Status for Conditions Other than COVID-19

    Hazard Ratios (95% CI)
    UnadjustedAdjusted*
    Mild/Moderate versus No COVID-19Severe versus No COVID-19Severe versus Mild/Moderate COVID-19Mild/Moderate versus No COVID-19Severe versus No COVID-19Severe versus Mild/Moderate COVID-19
    Any hospitalization0.53 (0.33-0.85)2.55 (1.82-3.58)4.80 (2.71-8.50)0.71 (0.44-1.17)2.16 (1.53-3.04)3.01 (1.66-5.48)
    Combined targeted hospitalizations†0.78 (0.46-1.33)3.73 (2.54-5.48)4.76 (2.50-9.08)1.02 (0.59-1.76)2.24 (1.52-3.30)2.20 (1.13-4.28)
    Cardiovascular hospitalization0.71 (0.37-1.37)4.05 (2.62-6.25)1.41 (0.73-2.72)0.92 (0.46-1.86)2.30 (1.48-3.57)2.50 (1.10-5.66)
    Respiratory hospitalization0.72 (0.34-1.51)4.09 (2.52-6.64)5.72 (2.37-13.78)1.05 (0.50-2.23)2.64 (1.62-, 4.31)2.51 (1.03-6.07)
    Clotting hospitalization0.52 (0.13-2.09)4.86 (2.39-9.86)9.36 (1.99-44.08)0.64 (0.16-2.60)3.32 (1.62-6.80)5.17 (1.09-24.50)
    • COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; CI, confidence interval.

    • ↵* Models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, COPD, overweight/obesity, sex, and insurance status.

    • ↵† Combined cardiovascular, respiratory, and clotting hospitalizations.

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The Journal of the American Board of Family   Medicine: 34 (5)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 34, Issue 5
September/October 2021
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Risk of New Hospitalization Post-COVID-19 Infection for Non-COVID-19 Conditions
Arch G. Mainous, Benjamin J. Rooks, Frank A. Orlando
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Sep 2021, 34 (5) 907-913; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.210170

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Risk of New Hospitalization Post-COVID-19 Infection for Non-COVID-19 Conditions
Arch G. Mainous, Benjamin J. Rooks, Frank A. Orlando
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Sep 2021, 34 (5) 907-913; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.210170
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