Risk of New Hospitalization Post-COVID-19 Infection for Non-COVID-19 Conditions

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Figure 1.
a. Kaplan-Meier Curve Comparing All Hospitalizations Between COVID-19-Positive and COVID-19-Negative Patients.
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Figure 1.
b. Kaplan Meier Curve Comparing Combined Hospitalizations Between Severe COVID-19-Positive and COVID-19-Negative Patients.

Table 1.

Diagnosis Codes for Analyzed Outcomes and Comorbidities

Outcome conditions	ICD-10/ICD-9 Codes
Cardiovascular Diagnoses
Heart failure	I21
Myocardial infarction	I50, I11.0, I13.0, I13.2
Stroke	G46, I63, I69
Respiratory Diagnoses
Pneumonia	J12, J13, J15, J16, J17, J18, J82, J84
Acute respiratory distress syndrome	J80, J96
Hypoxemia	R09.02
Clotting Diagnoses
Deep vein thrombosis/Venous thromboembolism	Q26, I82
Pulmonary embolism	I26, I74, I82, J81.1
Comorbidities
Hypertension	I10, 401
Diabetes mellitus	E11.0, E11.2, E11.3, E11.5, E11.6, E11.8, E11.9, E11.40, E11.41, E11.43, E11.44, E11.49, 250.00, 250.02, 250.2, 250.3, 250.4, 250.5, 250.6, 250.7, 250.8, 250.9
COPD/Asthma	J43, J44, J45, 491.2, 492, 493

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD-10/ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Version and Ninth Version.

Table 2.

Characteristics of the COVID-19-Positive and COVID-19-Negative Patients in the Cohort

	Total (N = 10,646)	Severe COVID-19 (N= 114)	Mild/Moderate COVID-19 (N = 211)	No COVID-19 (N = 10,321)	P value^*
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	P value^*
Any hospitalization	1626 (15.3)	34 (29.8)	18 (8.5)	1574 (15.3)	<.001
Combined group of hospitalizations	891 (8.4)	27 (23.7)	14 (6.6)	850 (8.2)	<.001
Cardiovascular hospitalizations	637 (6.0)	21 (18.4)	9 (4.3)	607 (5.9)	<.001
Respiratory hospitalizations	491 (4.6)	17 (14.9)	7 (3.3)	467 (4.5)	<.001
Clotting hospitalizations	195 (1.8)	8 (7.0)	2 (0.9)	185 (1.8)	<.001
Male	4329 (40.7)	47 (41.2)	79 (37.4)	4203 (40.8)	.626
Non-Hispanic White	6713 (63.1)	46 (40.4)	96 (45.5)	6571 (63.7)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Black	2560 (24.0)	55 (48.2)	61 (28.9)	2444 (23.7)	<.001
Hispanic	640 (6.0)	7 (6.1)	28 (13.3)	605 (5.9)	<.001
Age, years
18-29	1309 (12.3)	10 (8.8)	50 (23.7)	1249 (12.1)	<.001
30-44	2119 (19.9)	13 (11.4)	46 (21.8)	2060 (20.0)	.059
45-64	3847 (36.1)	29 (25.4)	75 (35.5)	3743 (36.3)	.056
65 and older	3371 (31.7)	62 (54.4)	40 (19.0)	3269 (31.7)	<.001
Insurance	10,312 (96.9)	114 (100.0)	194 (91.9)	10,004 (96.9)	<.001
Diabetes mellitus	2820 (26.5)	64 (56.1)	45 (21.3)	2711 (26.3)	<.001
Hypertension	5719 (53.7)	89 (78.1)	88 (41.7)	5542 (53.7)	<.001
COPD	3174 (29.8)	39 (34.2)	36 (17.1)	3099 (30.0)	<.001
Overweight	2714 (25.5)	30 (26.3)	61 (28.9)	2623 (25.4)	.504
Obese	3813 (35.8)	41 (36.0)	88 (41.7)	3684 (35.7)	.197

Table 3.

Risk of Future Hospitalization by COVID-19 Status for Conditions Other than COVID-19

	Hazard Ratios (95% CI)
	Unadjusted			Adjusted^*
	Mild/Moderate versus No COVID-19	Severe versus No COVID-19	Severe versus Mild/Moderate COVID-19	Mild/Moderate versus No COVID-19	Severe versus No COVID-19	Severe versus Mild/Moderate COVID-19
Any hospitalization	0.53 (0.33-0.85)	2.55 (1.82-3.58)	4.80 (2.71-8.50)	0.71 (0.44-1.17)	2.16 (1.53-3.04)	3.01 (1.66-5.48)
Combined targeted hospitalizations^{^†}	0.78 (0.46-1.33)	3.73 (2.54-5.48)	4.76 (2.50-9.08)	1.02 (0.59-1.76)	2.24 (1.52-3.30)	2.20 (1.13-4.28)
Cardiovascular hospitalization	0.71 (0.37-1.37)	4.05 (2.62-6.25)	1.41 (0.73-2.72)	0.92 (0.46-1.86)	2.30 (1.48-3.57)	2.50 (1.10-5.66)
Respiratory hospitalization	0.72 (0.34-1.51)	4.09 (2.52-6.64)	5.72 (2.37-13.78)	1.05 (0.50-2.23)	2.64 (1.62-, 4.31)	2.51 (1.03-6.07)
Clotting hospitalization	0.52 (0.13-2.09)	4.86 (2.39-9.86)	9.36 (1.99-44.08)	0.64 (0.16-2.60)	3.32 (1.62-6.80)	5.17 (1.09-24.50)

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; CI, confidence interval.
↵* Models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, COPD, overweight/obesity, sex, and insurance status.
↵† Combined cardiovascular, respiratory, and clotting hospitalizations.