Article Figures & Data
Tables
Baseline Variables Demographic Age (years), mean (SD) 47.76 (10.89) Female sex 264 (30.4) White 386 (44.5) African American 320 (36.9) Other race* 162 (18.7) Hispanic ethnicity (any race) 72 (8.3) High school graduate 701 (80.9) Married or cohabitating 154 (17.8) Employment and social Unemployed 655 (75.7) Receiving welfare 606 (69.9) Waiting legal charges 54 (6.3) Jail in the past 90 days 51 (5.9) Homeless in the past 90 days 263 (30.4) Psychiatric symptoms Depression 548 (63.1) Anxiety 559 (64.4) Hallucinations 80 (9.2) Concentration 426 (49.1) Violent behavior 134 (15.4) Suicidality Suicidal ideation in the past 30 days 104 (12.0) Suicide attempt during lifetime 345 (39.8) Substance use in the past 30 days Any alcohol 598 (68.9) Daily alcohol 67 (7.7) Any opiate 228 (26.3) Daily opiate 11 (1.3) Any sedative 72 (8.3) Daily sedative 39 (4.6) Any stimulant 362 (41.7) Daily stimulant 24 (2.8) Any marijuana 656 (75.6) Daily marijuana 145 (16.7) Any nicotine 620 (71.6) Daily nicotine 454 (52.4) Any injection drug use 39 (4.5) Addiction Severity Index, mean (SD) 0.15 (0.20) Alcohol score Drug score 0.13 (0.11) Days using alcohol or drugs (of the past 30), mean (SD) 15.39 (11.45) Medical and psychiatric treatment in the past 90 days Substance use treatment 61 (7.1) 12-Step participation 146 (16.8) Emergency department 386 (44.5) Medical visit 701 (81.1) Psychiatric outpatient 227 (26.2) Health-related quality of life Mobility impairment 481 (55.5) Self-care impairment 138 (15.9) Usual activity impairment 404 (46.7) Pain 677 (78.2) Anxiety or depression 456 (52.7) Visual-Analogue Health Scale score, mean (SD) 61 (22.8) Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
↵* “Other race” included 93 participants (10.7% of sample) who were multiracial, 28 (3.2%) who were American Indian or Alaska Native, 10 (1.2%) who were Asian, 6 (0.7%) who were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 25 (2.9%) with unknown or other race.
SD, standard deviation.
- Table 2.
Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt Incidence over 12-Month Follow-up After Screening and Brief Intervention for Substance Use
Present (n) Absent (n) Missing Data (n) Incidence (%) Rate 95% CI SI 187 534 147 25.9 22.8–29.3 SA 55 725 88 7.1 6.0–9.9 CI, confidence interval; SA, suicide attempt; SI, suicide ideation.
Baseline Variable By 12-Month SI By 12-Month SA SI Present (n = 187) SI Absent (n = 534) OR P Value SA Present (n = 55) SA Absent (n = 725) OR P Value Demographic Age (years), mean (SD) 47.2 (10.7) 48.5 (10.8) 0.89 .15 44.8 (11.5) 48.2 (10.6) 0.74 .03 Female sex 61 (32.6) 174 (32.6) 1.00 .98 26 (47.3) 222 (30.6) 1.94 .02 White 90 (48.1) 223 (41.8) 1.34 .07 20 (36.4) 321 (44.3) 0.73 .28 African American 58 (31.0) 214 (40.1) 0.66 .02 24 (43.6) 268 (37.0) 1.25 .43 Other race 39 (20.9) 97 (18.2) 1.14 .53 11 (20.0) 136 (18.8) 1.15 .68 Hispanic ethnicity (any race) 18 (9.6) 38 (7.1) 1.31 .37 4 (7.3) 61 (8.4) 0.81 .69 High school graduate 145 (77.5) 446 (83.5) 0.74 .15 34 (61.8) 600 (82.9) 0.36 <.001 Married or cohabitating 36 (19.3) 94 (17.7) 1.02 .92 10 (18.2) 130 (18.0) 0.93 .84 Employment and social Unemployed 152 (81.3) 390 (73.3) 1.64 .01 46 (83.6) 541 (74.9) 1.70 .16 Receiving welfare 136 (72.7) 373 (70.0) 1.22 .29 38 (69.1) 513 (70.9) 0.87 .64 Waiting legal charges 9 (4.8) 29 (5.5) 0.91 .79 5 (9.3) 40 (5.5) 1.83 .21 Jail in the past 90 days 11 (5.9) 25 (4.7) 1.37 .40 5 (9.1) 40 (5.5) 1.66 .30 Homeless in the past 90 days 53 (28.5) 148 (27.8) 1.08 .66 18 (32.7) 212 (29.3) 1.18 .57 Psychiatric symptoms Depression 155 (82.9) 300 (56.2) 3.56 <.001 47 (85.5) 449 (61.9) 3.17 .002 Anxiety 156 (83.4) 306 (57.3) 3.55 <.001 46 (83.6) 459 (63.3) 2.70 .01 Hallucinations 29 (15.6) 34 (6.4) 2.53 <.001 11 (20.0) 61 (8.4) 2.66 .01 Concentration 128 (68.4) 220 (41.2) 3.06 <.001 38 (69.1) 340 (46.9) 2.45 .003 Violent behavior 47 (25.1) 58 (10.9) 2.59 <.001 23 (41.8) 96 (13.2) 4.43 <.001 Suicidality Suicidal ideation in the past 30 days (at baseline) 70 (37.4) 25 (4.7) 12.28 <.001 24 (43.6) 71 (9.8) 6.78 <.001 Suicide attempt during lifetime (at baseline) 126 (67.4) 171 (32.1) 4.36 <.001 44 (80.0) 266 (36.7) 6.39 <.001 Substance use in the past 30 days Any alcohol 120 (64.2) 384 (71.9) 0.69 .03 34 (61.8) 510 (70.3) 0.69 .20 Daily alcohol 12 (6.4) 43 (8.1) 0.73 .35 4 (7.3) 56 (7.7) 0.90 .84 Any opiate 58 (31.0) 139 (26.0) 1.36 .10 18 (32.7) 193 (26.6) 1.39 .27 Daily opiate 3 (1.6) 7 (1.3) 1.62 .46 0 (0.0) 10 (1.4) 0.00 .99 Any sedative/hypnotic/tranquilizer 23 (12.3) 40 (7.5) 1.63 .07 4 (7.3) 64 (8.8) 0.84 .74 Daily sedative/hypnotic/tranquilizer 13 (7.1) 20 (3.8) 1.97 .05 3 (5.8) 31 (4.4) 1.26 .70 Any stimulant 77 (41.2) 218 (40.8) 1.05 .76 29 (52.7) 297 (41.0) 1.66 .07 Daily stimulant 11 (5.9) 11 (2.1) 3.57 .003 6 (10.9) 17 (2.3) 5.26 <.001 Any marijuana 134 (71.7) 414 (77.5) 0.74 .12 39 (70.9) 549 (75.7) 0.82 .51 Daily marijuana 26 (13.9) 93 (17.4) 0.78 .28 12 (21.8) 116 (16.0) 1.52 .21 Any nicotine 138 (73.8) 375 (70.5) 1.24 .26 46 (83.6) 511 (70.7) 2.02 .07 Daily nicotine 102 (54.5) 270 (50.8) 1.25 .21 36 (65.5) 369 (51.0) 1.78 .05 Any injection drug use 8 (4.3) 23 (4.3) 1.17 .70 1 (1.8) 31 (4.3) 0.73 .72 ASI, mean (SD) Alcohol score 0.16 (0.21) 0.14 (0.19) 1.08 .33 0.15 (0.22) 0.15 (0.20) 1.01 .97 Drug score 0.15 (0.12) 0.12 (0.10) 1.29 .002 0.17 (0.14) 0.13 (0.11) 1.50 .002 Days using alcohol or drugs (of past 30), mean (SD) 16.0 (11.3) 15.4 (11.4) 1.08 .36 18.8 (11.3) 15.1 (11.4) 1.43 .01 Medical, psychiatric, and substance use treatment in the past 90 days Substance use treatment 14 (7.6) 32 (6.0) 1.19 .58 4 (7.3) 50 (7.0) 1.01 .98 12-Step participation 38 (20.3) 84 (15.7) 1.40 .12 9 (16.4) 125 (17.2) 0.94 .87 Emergency department 86 (46.2) 228 (42.7) 1.20 .31 34 (63.0) 311 (42.9) 2.25 .01 Medical visit 147 (79.5) 439 (82.5) 0.83 .37 42 (77.8) 586 (81.2) 0.80 .51 Psychiatric outpatient 80 (43.0) 113 (21.2) 2.70 <.001 21 (38.2) 182 (25.2) 1.75 .05 EuroQol health-related quality of life Mobility impairment 126 (67.7) 280 (52.4) 1.89 <.001 42 (76.4) 402 (55.5) 2.33 .01 Self-care impairment 33 (17.7) 84 (15.7) 1.16 .50 11 (20.0) 115 (15.9) 1.28 .48 Usual activity impairment 117 (62.9) 229 (42.9) 2.11 <.001 38 (69.1) 333 (46.0) 2.31 .004 Pain 153 (82.3) 423 (79.2) 1.31 .21 43 (78.2) 575 (79.4) 0.95 .87 Anxiety or depression 139 (74.7) 242 (45.4) 3.45 <.001 42 (76.4) 374 (51.7) 2.70 .002 Visual-Analogue Health Scale, mean (SD) 55 (24.0) 63 (22.3) 0.73 <.001 50 (24.6) 62 (22.6) 0.63 <.001 Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Counts include participants with available baseline measures and suicide ideation (SI) and suicide attempt (SA) data at follow-up. Variables with significant univariate associations are presented in boldface.
ASI, Addiction Severity Index Lite; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation.
Baseline Variable 12-Month SI 12-Month SA OR 95% CI P Value OR 95% CI P Value Age 1.02 0.82–1.26 .85 0.77 0.54–1.11 .16 Female sex 0.82 0.54–1.24 .34 1.50 0.76–2.96 .25 African American 0.85 0.54–1.33 .47 1.83 0.91–3.70 .09 High school graduate 0.85 0.50–1.44 .55 0.52 0.26–1.04 .07 Unemployed 1.04 0.62–1.73 .88 1.20 0.48–3.02 .70 Depression 1.05 0.58–1.90 .87 1.01 0.39–2.61 .98 Anxiety 1.60 0.89–2.88 .11 0.66 0.24–1.84 .43 Hallucinations 1.25 0.62–2.52 .54 1.12 0.45–2.79 .80 Concentration 1.40 0.86–2.26 .17 1.03 0.47–2.28 .94 Violent behavior 1.24 0.74–2.09 .41 2.21 1.10–4.42 .03 SI in the past 30 days (at baseline) 6.05 3.40–10.76 <.001 3.69 1.72–7.93 <.001 SA during lifetime (at baseline) 2.66 1.76–4.02 <.001 3.52 1.60–7.78 .002 Daily stimulant use in the past 30 days 2.37 0.79–7.14 .12 1.86 0.46–7.43 .38 Daily nicotine in the past 30 days 0.96 0.62–1.48 .86 1.32 0.66–2.66 .43 ASI drug score 1.07 0.82–1.41 .61 1.04 0.68–1.58 .86 Days using alcohol or drugs (of past 30) 0.97 0.74–1.28 .85 1.17 0.78–1.74 .44 Emergency department in the past 90 days 0.75 0.49–1.16 .20 1.66 0.82–3.37 .16 Psychiatric outpatient in the past 90 days 1.41 0.90–2.21 .13 1.38 0.68–2.81 .37 EuroQol Mobility impairment 1.32 0.84–2.09 .23 1.15 0.55–2.40 .70 Usual activity impairment 1.16 0.71–1.91 .55 1.14 0.52–2.50 .73 Depression or anxiety 1.78 1.07–2.96 .03 1.10 0.48–2.54 .81 Visual-Analogue Health Scale 1.06 0.86–1.31 .57 0.85 0.61–1.19 .35 Variables with significant associations are presented in boldface.
ASI, Addiction Severity Index Lite; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SA, suicide attempt; SI, suicide ideation.
