Does Literacy Education Improve Symptoms of Depression and Self-efficacy in Individuals with Low Literacy and Depressive Symptoms? A Preliminary Investigation

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics of Subjects

Table 2.

GSE and PHQ-9 Scores

Measure	Baseline n = 39	3 to 6 Months n = 26	6 to 12 Months n = 24	12 to 15 Months n = 31	Significance
GSE
Mean (SD)	27.9 (3.7)	29.0 (2.8)	29.3 (1.7)	29.9 (1.9)	P = .019^*
Median	28	29	29	30
PHQ-9
Mean (SD)	11.9 (5.2)	7.4 (5.0)	7.5 (5.4)	6.0 (3.9)	P < .002^†
Median	10	7	5	4

* Difference between baseline and 12- to 15-month value significant by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test.
† All values significantly different from baseline value by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test.