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Research ArticleOriginal Article

Epidural Analgesia and Severe Perineal Laceration in a Community-based Obstetric Practice

Timothy G. Carroll, Michael Engelken, Michael C. Mosier and Niaman Nazir
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice January 2003, 16 (1) 1-6; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.16.1.1
Timothy G. Carroll
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Michael Engelken
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Michael C. Mosier
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Niaman Nazir
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References

  1. ↵
    Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Dekker GA, Deville W, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG. Third degree obstetric perineal tears: risk factors and the preventive role of mediolateral episiotomy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 563–6.
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    Martin S, Labrecque M, Marcoux S, Berube S, Pinault JJ. The association between perineal trauma and spontaneous perineal tears. J Fam Pract 2001; 50: 333–7.
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    Al-Mufti R, McCarthy A, Fisk NM. Survey of obstetricians’ personal preference and discretionary practice. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997; 73: 1–4.
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    Robinson JN, Norwitz ER, Cohen AP, McElrath TF, Lieberman ES. Epidural analgesia and third- or fourth-degree lacerations in nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 259–62.
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    Combs CA, Robertson PA, Laros RK Jr. Risk factors for third-degree and fourth-degree perineal lacerations in forceps and vacuum deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163(1 Pt 1): 100–4.
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    Walker MP, Farine D, Rolbin SH, Ritchie JW. Epidural analgesia, episiotomy, and obstetric laceration. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 668–71.
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    Bickers WM. Epidural analgesia in obstetrics. J Reprod Med 1970; 5: 72–80.
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    Legino LJ, Woods MP, Rayburn WF, McGoogan LS. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. 50 year’s experience at a university hospital. J Reprod Med 1988; 33: 423–6.
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    Nodine PM, Roberts J. Factors associated with perineal outcome during childbirth. J Nurse Midwifery 1987; 32: 123–30.
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    Janssen PA, Klein MC, Soolsma JH. Differences in institutional cesarean delivery rates—the role of pain management. J Fam Pract 2001; 50: 217–26.
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    Thorp JA, Breedlove G. Epidural analgesia in labor: an evaluation of risks and benefits. Birth 1996; 23: 63–83.
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    Studd JW, Crawford JS, Duignan NM, Rowbotham CJ, Hughes AO. The effect of lumbar epidural analgesia on the rate of cervical dilatation and the outcome of labour of spontaneous onset. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 87: 1015–21.
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  13. Hoult IJ, MacLennan AH, Carrie LE. Lumbar epidural analgesia in labour: relation to fetal malposition and instrumental delivery. Br Med J 1977; 1: 14–6.
  14. Walton P, Reynolds F. Epidural analgesia and instrumental delivery. Anaesthesia 1984; 39: 218–23.
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  15. Kaminski HM, Stafl A, Aiman J. The effect of epidural analgesia on the frequency of instrumental obstetric delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 770–3.
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  16. Beynon CL. Midline episiotomy as a routine procedure. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1974; 81: 126–30.
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The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice: 16 (1)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice
Vol. 16, Issue 1
1 Jan 2003
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Epidural Analgesia and Severe Perineal Laceration in a Community-based Obstetric Practice
Timothy G. Carroll, Michael Engelken, Michael C. Mosier, Niaman Nazir
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice Jan 2003, 16 (1) 1-6; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.16.1.1

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Epidural Analgesia and Severe Perineal Laceration in a Community-based Obstetric Practice
Timothy G. Carroll, Michael Engelken, Michael C. Mosier, Niaman Nazir
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice Jan 2003, 16 (1) 1-6; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.16.1.1
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