| Hospitals |
Costs 3% to 13% higher, with higher overhead, fewer nurses, and death rates 6% to 13% higher.11,17,88 |
| HMOs |
Higher overhead (25% to 33% for some of the largest HMOs), worse scores on 14 of 14 quality indicators reported to National Committee for Quality Assurance32,33 |
| Dialysis centers |
Death rates 30% higher, with 26% less use of transplants81,82 |
| Nursing homes |
More citations for poor quality of care (30% committed violations which caused death or life-threatening harm to patients)85 |
| Mental health centers |
Medicare expelled 80 programs after investigations found that 91% of claims were fraudulent89 |
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