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Gynecologic Cancer Prevention Center (DGF, MSL), The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
Department of Family Medicine (DGF), The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (DGF), The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
Office of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (MSL), The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior (PAG), The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico (AGLL)
Correspondence: Address correspondence to Daron G. Ferris, MD, Medical College of Georgia, 1423 Harper Street, HH-105, Augusta, Georgia 30912-3500 (e-mail dferris{at}mail.mcg.edu)
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Abstract |
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 TopNotes Abstract MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Methods: Convenience samples of 150 and 263 women scheduled for colposcopy or telecolposcopy, respectively, completed questionnaires assessing anxiety (Prime MD), depression [Center for Epidemiologic Studies/Depressed Mood Scale (CES-D)], health beliefs and concerns, coping style (Miller Behavioral Style Score) and examination acceptance and satisfaction. Test scores and subject responses were compared using the t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Results: Mean scores representing mild anxiety (1.3 and 1.2, P = .7) and mild depression (35.4 and 36.3, P = .4) were reported for the telecolposcopy and colposcopy groups, respectively. The telecolposcopy group indicated significantly greater mean scores for the examination, saving them time and money compared with the colposcopy group. Women in both groups were highly satisfied with their examinations and care.
Conclusions: In general, women reported very high levels of satisfaction with telecolposcopy and colposcopy. Potential savings of time and money and improved health care were considered of particular value to women examined by telecolposcopy. Telecolposcopy seems to be well accepted by rural women.
From the patient management perspective, the diagnostic accuracy of telecolposcopy is comparable with that delivered on site by local clinicians.1 Distant experts are able to support and direct less experienced colposcopists while women are evaluated locally. Hence, telecolposcopy may reduce the need for costly referral.1 Barriers to expert health care are consequently eliminated for those women unwilling or unable to travel for consultation. The provision of enhanced health care may be delivered by telecolposcopy with only small increases in cost.2
Although telecolposcopy seems feasible from the technical, financial, and patient management perspective, the potential psychological repercussions are unknown. Women have been previously shown to experience certain adverse emotional responses to abnormal Papanicolaou smears and traditional colposcopy.5–17 How might women respond to having pictures of their genitalia sent to unknown health care personnel in another town? Modern technology will improve health care only if women accept and embrace the practice. The purpose of this study was to compare patient acceptance and the psychological effects women experience in association with telecolposcopy and colposcopy.
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Methods |
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TopNotesAbstractMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Demographic information, including age, marital status, education, and annual income, were obtained initially from both groups. Before their colposcopic or telecolposcopic examinations, subjects completed validated and commonly used questionnaires18 assessing anxiety, depression, coping styles, and health beliefs and concerns, as reported previously.19 Anxiety was assessed using an abbreviated version of PRIME-MD.20 Depression occurring the previous week was evaluated by the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies/Depressed Mood Scale (CES-D).21 Two coping styles, monitoring and blunting, were assessed using the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS).22 High monitors attend to threatening situations, whereas blunters tend to avoid them. A 12-item questionnaire was used to assess health beliefs and concerns.23
Before being examined by telecolposcopy, women were told about the brief expert examination followed by the telecolposcopic examination. The details of the telecolposcopic examinations have been published previously.1,2 In brief, however, an on-site expert colposcopist performed an initial, blinded colposcopic examination that prohibited cervical biopsy or use of Lugol’s iodine solution. Next, a rural (local) colposcopist (family physician or nurse practitioner) conducted a colposcopic examination at 1 of 2 rural satellite telemedicine clinics within the Medical College of Georgia Telemedicine System. Another expert colposcopist at the central telemedicine center monitored this examination. The distant expert provided limited verbal consultative assistance when requested, but the local colposcopists performed histologic sampling. Both real-time and store-and-forward telecolposcopic images were transmitted for each subject. Women examined at the central site had a traditional colposcopic examination that did not involve video recording or the transmission of colposcopic images. Expert colposcopists conducted these examinations.
After their colposcopic or telecolposcopic examinations, subjects completed a 23-item questionnaire scored using a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The questions assessed various issues, including satisfaction with the examination, cervical cancer concerns, personal recognition by the consultants, examination preference, comfort, and potential cost/time savings of telecolposcopy. For questions to make sense for a particular colposcopic examination, some were slightly rephrased as appropriate.
Demographic statistics were calculated for each group. Mean values of continuous variables were compared between the groups using t tests for variables with approximately normal sample distributions and Wilcoxon rank sum test for variables that were not normally distributed. The 
2 test was used to compare distributions of categorical variables between the groups. For tables containing expected counts of less than 5, the Fisher exact test was used. Scores for each of the survey scales were calculated by summing the values for each of the scale items. Scale scores were compared between groups by Wilcoxon rank sum test. Total scores on the monitor and blunter scales were categorized as greater than 11 or not, and the proportions of subjects in each category were compared between groups using the 2 test.
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Results |
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2, 15.4; P = .02). A significantly greater percentage of telecolposcopy subjects (43.6% vs 32.6%) reported annual incomes less than $6000 per year compared with the colposcopy subjects (2, 9.5, P = .02). Although exact figures are unavailable, more than 95% of eligible rural women agreed to participate. We assessed potential anxiety by using the pertinent questions from PRIME-MD. Mean scores for the telecolposcopy group (1.26 ± 1.1) and colposcopy group (1.20 ± 1.0) were not significantly different (P = .7; t test). Clinically, these mean scores would represent a mild level of anxiety.
Potential depression was assessed using the Clinical Epidemiologic Depression Scale-D. Scores within the range of 30 to 36 indicate mild depression. Telecolposcopy and colposcopy subjects had mean scores of 35.4 and 36.3, respectively. These scores were not significantly different (P = .4; t test).
Using a survey of 12 questions, we assessed health beliefs and concerns of subjects before their examinations (Table 1). However, there were no significant differences in mean responses between groups. In general, women in both groups were not excessively concerned about the procedure, disease, or consequences.
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2). There was no significant difference between the telecolposcopy and colposcopy groups in proportions of women considered high blunters (2.3% and 0.7%, respectively).
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Discussion |
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This study has demonstrated that telecolposcopy is favorably accepted by women in underserved rural regions. These women had high comfort and satisfaction with telecolposcopy. In general, women thought telecolposcopy improved the quality of their care. They felt better about their health after the examination. Furthermore, as an indication of their approval, women would recommend it to a friend. Women also thought telecolposcopy saved them both time and money. The latter issue is critically important given the fact that more of the telecolposcopy patients lived in poverty. A lack of financial resources and significant travel distance for consultation both pose impediments to access.
Concerns about a previously unknown distant expert examining their genital region from afar seemed unwarranted. Women were very confident that the distant colposcopist was competent. This positive response may have resulted from the brief preliminary introduction by the local clinician or the simple assumption that practice at a medical university implies expertise. Women also felt the distant colposcopist was concerned about their health. This belief may have been derived by having a second monitor in the examination room devoted to transmitting a live image of the distant expert. However, not all telecolposcopy systems provide dual video linkage. Women were comfortable with the distant expert knowing their names. As such, maintaining anonymity is not perceived necessary. Perhaps name recognition helps to personalize the remote examination.
Of particular interest was the fact that women thought the distant clinician could see the cervix as clearly as the local clinician could. The quality of resolution for real-time and computer-based systems is inferior to that viewed through a colposcope.25 Yet this image, also observed by subjects on a second monitor, seemed of sufficient quality to untrained eyes.
Although expert colposcopists were involved in their care, rural women had greater trust in the colposcopic skills and advice of the local colposcopist. This confidence may be partly a result of the long-standing continuity of care delivered to these rural women. Most women in the colposcopy group were referred by primary care clinicians for evaluation, whereas primary care providers examined the telecolposcopy group.
Women in the colposcopy group had fewer fears and thoughts of cancer compared with the telecolposcopy group. Whether level of education, pre-examination counseling, or clinical demeanor influenced this difference is unknown. The colposcopy group also reported significantly less pain with the colposcopic examination. We are unsure of the explanation for this finding. Perhaps the slightly prolonged time required for the telecolposcopy component or additional manipulations for the distant colposcopist increased patient discomfort. Otherwise, clinician technique and dual examinations by the on-site expert and local colposcopist may have accentuated pain. In practice, however, telecolposcopy occurring outside a research study would not involve an additional on-site examination.
Both groups experienced mild anxiety and mild depression before their colposcopic appointments. These levels of anxiety and depression were equivalent to those observed by women before a primary care appointment.19 Therefore, it would seem that rural and urban women react similarly to hearing about the results of an abnormal Papanicolaou smear. Better education may help allay unnecessary fears and anxiety.
The telecolposcopy group had a significantly greater percentage of women considered to be high monitors. Why rural women might be more attentive and concerned about their health care needs is unknown. This same group was more likely to have greater thoughts and fears about cancer. Given these heightened concerns, it is reassuring that the rural women would be more likely to address the results of an abnormal Papanicolaou smear, as would be expected from high monitors. Greater patient compliance for a procedure many women would rather not undertake and improved access to consultative telecolposcopy are complementary factors poised to enhance the management of women with lower genital tract neoplasia.
This study is limited by the economic and feasibility restraints that permitted only 2 rural colposcopists and 2 sites in the trial. Women’s responses may have varied if a greater number of rural sites and colposcopists were considered. However, the sites differed by racial profile, distance from the central telemedicine center (1-hour vs 4-hour drive), type of clinic (health department versus private clinic), and provider specialty. The potential number of sites was limited by the requirement that statewide telemedicine services exist on-site and that a trained local colposcopist be present. Some study findings (ie, pain experienced, quality of care) may have also been influenced by the necessity for 2 consecutive on-site colposcopic examinations by the telecolposcopy cohort. The alternative of rescheduling subjects for an expert examination later was considered awkward. The local clinician’s biopsies would have altered the cervix for an expert examination later. Furthermore, noncompliance with a delayed expert examination would have severely limited the number of assessable subjects. Finally, although the 2 cohorts differed by marital status and income, other undocumented differences probably existed. It is unknown whether these unspecified differences could have influenced our findings.
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Received for publication January 13, 2003. Revision received January 13, 2003.
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